TABLE 1.
Characteristics and outcomes of DILI caused by tigecycline.
| Variables | Pattern of liver injury | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hep (n = 10) | Mix (n = 4) | Chol (n = 41) | |
| Causality assessment | |||
| Highly probable, n (%) | 3 (30.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (14.6%) |
| Probable, n (%) | 7 (70.0%) | 4 (100.0%) | 35 (85.4%) |
| Liver injury during tigecycline treatment, n (%) | 7 (70.0%) | 3 (75.0%) | 32 (78.0%) |
| Withdrawal tigecycline after liver injury, n (%) | 3 (30.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 20 (48.8%) |
| Reduction tigecycline dosage after liver injury, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (7.3%) |
| Continuous treatment without adjustment, n (%) | 4 (40.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 9 (22.0%) |
| Liver injury within 3 days of discontinuation of tigecycline, n (%) | 3 (30.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 9 (22.0%) |
| Latency time of liver injury, median (IQR), days | 4.5 (2.0–7.4) | 6.5 (1.8–12.0) | 12.0 (9.0–16.0) |
| Re-exposure to tigecycline and recurrent ALT or ALP increase, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (4.9%) |
| Drugs for treatment | |||
| Anti-inflammation, n (%) | 5 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 16 (39.0%) |
| Antioxidants, n (%) | 8 (80.0%) | 3 (75.0%) | 31 (75.6%) |
| Phospholipids, n (%) | 3 (30.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 4 (9.8%) |
| Cholagogue, n (%) | 3 (30.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 19 (46.3%) |
| Outcome of liver injury* | |||
| Recovery, n (%) | 7 (70.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 17 (41.5%) |
| Improvement, n (%) | 1 (10.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 5 (12.2%) |
| No improvement, n (%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (36.6%) |
| Aggravation, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Time to recovery, median (range, min-max), days | 11.0 (4.0–37.0) | 13.5 (2.0–25.0) | 24.0 (8.0–66.0) |
| 30-day all-cause mortality, n (%) | 2 (20.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 3 (7.3%) |
| Length of stay in hospital, median (IQR), days | 42.0 (20.3–59.3) | 33.5 (24.0–62.5) | 46.0 (38.0–63.5) |
* One of patients with hepatocellular injury pattern lack of outcome data, while eight of patients with cholestatic injury pattern. DILI, drug-induced liver injury; Hep, hepatocellular injury pattern; Mix, mixed injury pattern; Chol, cholestatic injury pattern; IQR, interquartile ranges; ALT, alanin aminotransferase; ALP, alkalinephosphatase; min, minimal; max, maximal.