Table 3. Adjusted random-effect regression results for the between-person differences in chronic conditions due to obesity; 9,822 persons, 20,538 observations.
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetes | Heart disease | Asthma | Cancer | Arthritis | Depression | |
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight | 0.33 (0.07–1.67), 0.18 | 2.98 (1.44–6.17), 0.01 | 0.49 (0.19–1.23), 0.13 | 1.36 (0.70–2.67), 0.37 | 1.07 (0.66–1.74), 0.80 | 1.46 (0.78–2.71), 0.24 |
| Healthy weight (ref) | ||||||
| Overweight | 3.81 (2.71–5.36), <0.001 | 1.41 (1.09–1.82), 0.01 | 1.21 (0.94–1.56), 0.14 | 0.82 (0.66–1.01), 0.07 | 1.42 (1.22–1.64), <0.001 | 1.25 (1.01–1.54), 0.04 |
| Obesity | 12.76 (8.88–18.36), <0.001 | 2.05 (1.54–2.74), <0.001 | 1.97 (1.49–2.62), <0.001 | 0.89 (0.69–1.13), 0.33 | 2.25 (1.90–2.68), <0.001 | 1.96 (1.56–2.48), <0.001 |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| Middle-aged (45–59 years) (ref) | ||||||
| Older adults (≥ 60 years) | 4.36 (3.23–5.89), <0.001 | 4.83 (3.60–6.48), <0.001 | 0.92 (0.72–1.19), 0.54 | 2.35 (1.87–2.96), <0.001 | 3.63 (3.12–4.21), <0.001 | 0.39 (0.31–0.48), <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (ref) | ||||||
| Female | 0.29 (0.22–0.04), <0.001 | 0.28 (0.21–0.36), <0.001 | 2.45 (1.89–3.19), <0.001 | 0.53 (0.43–0.65), <0.001 | 2.91 (2.49–3.41), <0.001 | 2.10 (1.7–2.6), <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||
| Year 12 or below (ref) | ||||||
| Professional qualifications | 0.89 (0.65–1.23), 0.47 | 0.88 (0.66–1.17), 0.39 | 1.07 (0.81–1.42), 0.62 | 1.25 (0.99–1.57), 0.06 | 0.80 (0.68–0.95), 0.01 | 1.19 (0.95–1.50), 0.13 |
| University qualifications | 0.62 (0.42–0.94),0.02 | 0.92 (0.65–1.30), 0.63 | 1.08 (0.77–1.51), 0.69 | 1.05 (0.79–1.39), 0.72 | 0.61 (0.50–0.75), <0.001 | 1.02 (0.77–1.35), 0.89 |
| Civil Status | ||||||
| Partnered (ref) | ||||||
| Unpartnered | 0.68 (0.51–0.89), 0.01 | 0.69 (0.54–0.88), 0.01 | 0.82 (0.64–1.04), 0.10 | 0.92 (0.75–1.13), 0.45 | 0.80 (0.69–0.93), 0.01 | 0.46 (0.38–0.56), <0.001 |
| Household yearly disposable income quintile | ||||||
| Quintile 1 | 1.57 (1.04–2.38), 0.03 | 1.23 (0.86–1.75), 0.26 | 1.59 (1.12–2.27), 0.01 | 1.11 (0.81–1.51), 0.53 | 1.43 (1.16–1.77), 0.01 | 1.70 (1.27–2.29), <0.001 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.18 (0.79–1.76), 0.42 | 1.17 (0.83–1.66), 0.36 | 1.31 (0.94–1.83), 0.12 | 1.24 (0.92–1.67), 0.15 | 1.25 (1.03–1.52), 0.03 | 1.63 (1.23–2.15), 0.01 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.28 (0.87–1.89), 0.21 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35), 0.77 | 1.08 (0.78–1.49), 0.65 | 0.92 (0.68–1.25), 0.60 | 1.07 (0.89–1.29), 0.48 | 1.42 (1.09–1.86), 0.01 |
| Quintile 4 | 1.11 (0.76–1.64),0.59 | 1.04 (0.74–1.47), 0.80 | 1.16 (0.85–1.58), 0.34 | 1.13 (0.85–1.51), 0.40 | 1.08 (0.90–1.29), 0.42 | 1.18 (0.91–1.53), 0.22 |
| Quintile 5 (ref) | ||||||
| Labour force status | ||||||
| Employed (ref) | ||||||
| Unemployed | 2.13 (0.88–5.13), 0.09 | 1.52 (0.65–3.57), 0.34 | 0.85 (0.40–1.80), 0.67 | 0.66 (0.26–1.66), 0.37 | 1.16 (0.74–1.83), 0.52 | 4.03 (2.41–6.74), <0.001 |
| Not in the labor force | 3.40 (2.48–4.66), <0.001 | 5.72 (4.18–7.85), <0.001 | 1.90 (1.45–2.49), <0.001 | 2.44 (1.91–3.11), <0.001 | 3.14 (2.68–3.68), <0.001 | 4.28 (3.41–5.37), <0.001 |
| Indigenous status | ||||||
| Non-indigenous (ref) | ||||||
| Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander | 8.27 (3.37–20.34), <0.001 | 2.44 (1.08–5.52),0.03 | 1.87 (0.82–4.30), 0.14 | 1.01 (0.47–2.12), 0.99 | 0.94 (0.55–1.60), 0.81 | 1.95 (1.00–3.81), 0.05 |
| Location | ||||||
| Major city (ref) | ||||||
| Regional | 1.04 (0.78–1.37), 0.81 | 1.02 (0.80–1.30), 0.90 | 1.20 (0.94–1.54), 0.14 | 1.03 (0.84–1.26), 0.80 | 1.23 (1.07–1.43), 0.01 | 1.07 (0.88–1.31), 0.48 |
| Remote | 0.45 (0.14–1.45), 0.18 | 1.31 (0.54–3.16), 0.55 | 0.72 (0.26–2.03), 0.54 | 1.28 (0.62–2.63), 0.51 | 0.48 (0.27–0.85), 0.01 | 0.44 (0.19–1.01), 0.05 |
| Behavioural Characteristics | ||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoked (ref) | ||||||
| ex-smoker | 1.50 (1.12–2.01), 0.01 | 1.56 (1.21–2.02), 0.01 | 1.57 (1.21–2.04), 0.01 | 1.09 (0.88–1.35), 0.41 | 1.21 (1.04–1.41), 0.01 | 1.42 (1.14–1.76), 0.01 |
| Current smoker | 0.98 (0.64–1.49), 0.92 | 1.05 (0.72–1.52), 0.80 | 2.13 (1.50–30), <0.001 | 0.95 (0.69–1.29), 0.72 | 1.07 (0.86–1.32), 0.55 | 2.56 (1.95–3.36), <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Never drink (ref) | ||||||
| Ex-drinker | 0.65 (0.40–1.05), 0.08 | 1.19 (0.78–1.82), 0.42 | 0.84 (0.54–1.31), 0.44 | 1.37 (0.92–2.03), 0.12 | 1.20 (0.91–1.58), 0.19 | 2.04 (1.41–2.94), <0.001 |
| Only rarely to 3 days/week | 0.44 (0.29–0.65), <0.001 | 0.71 (0.50–1.02), 0.07 | 0.72 (0.50–1.04), 0.08 | 1.18 (0.85–1.64), 0.32 | 1.17 (0.94–1.46), 0.17 | 1.12 (0.83–1.52), 0.47 |
| 3+ days/week | 0.16 (0.10–0.27), <0.001 | 0.51 (0.33–0.77), 0.01 | 0.74 (0.48–1.13), 0.17 | 1.12 (0.78–1.62), 0.54 | 1.19 (0.92–1.54), 0.18 | 1.14 (0.8–1.63), 0.46 |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Not at all to <1/week (ref) | ||||||
| 1–3 times/week | 0.73 (0.56–0.94), 0.02 | 0.59 (0.47–0.74), <0.001 | 0.93 (0.74–1.16), 0.52 | 0.72 (0.59–0.89), 0.01 | 0.78 (0.68–0.89), <0.001 | 0.52 (0.43–0.62), <0.001 |
| ≥ 4 times/week | 0.60 (0.46–0.80), 0.01 | 0.55 (0.43–0.70), <0.001 | 0.67 (0.52–0.86), 0.01 | 0.71 (0.57–0.88), 0.01 | 0.58 (0.50–0.68), <0.001 | 0.34 (0.27–0.41), <0.001 |
Abbreviations: aOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; ref, reference. Values in bold are statistically significant. All models (Models 1 to 6) were adjusted for age, gender, civil status, education, household yearly disposable income, labour force status, indigenous status, location, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Values in bold are statistically significant.