Table 1:
Socio-demographic characteristics of the sample
| Variables | Total (N=360) |
Control group (n=120) |
Trickle Up (n=120) |
Trickle Up + (n=120) |
Design-based F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic characteristics | Percentage or Mean [95% Confidence Intervals] | ||||
| Mother’s age in years, mean | 37.21 [35.68, 38.74] | 39.32 [36.48,42.15] | 36.43 [35.89,36.97] | 35.88 [33.96,37.81] | 4.59** |
| Religion | 0.78 | ||||
| Christian | 1.94 [0.65, 5.66] | 0.83 [0.11, 5.89] | 3.33 [0.80, 12.89] | 1.67 [0.22,11.38] | |
| Muslim | 98.06 [94.34,99.35] | 99.17 [94.11,99.89] | 96.67 [88.62,99.78] | 98.33 [87.11,99.2] | |
| Ethnicity | 0.15 | ||||
| Mossi | 98.61 [94.64,99.65] | 99.17 [94.11,99.89] | 97.5 [83.5,99.67] | 99.17 [94.11,99.89] | |
| Peuhl | 1.11 [0.20,5.85] | 0.83 [0.11,5.89] | 2.5 [0.33,16.5] | 0 | |
| other (Gourmantche) | 0.28 [0.03,2.47] | 0 | 0 | 0.83 [0.11,5.89] | |
| Mother’s years of education, mean | 0.24 [0.10,0.38] | 0.28 [−0.04,0.59] | 0.19 [−0.04,0.42] | 0.26 [0.11,0.40] | 0.21 |
| Literacy (can read and write) | 2.78 [1.35,5.62] | 3.33 [0.89,12.89] | 1.67 [0.52,5.17] | 3.33 [1.47,7.40] | 0.46 |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Marital status | 0.69 | ||||
| Monogamous marriage | 60.56 [50.16,70.08] | 67.5 [55.38,77.65] | 55.83 [31.04,78.03] | 58.33 [51.88,64.52] | |
| Polygamous marriage | 39.44 [29.92,49.84] | 32.5 [22.35,44.62] | 44.17 [21.97,68.96] | 41.67 [35.48,48.12] | |
| Number of other wives in polygamous marriages (n=142), mean | 2.13 [2.04, 2.21] | 2.13 [1.88,2.38] | 2.15 [2.05,2.25] | 2.10 [2.01,2.19] | 0.21 |
| Age of husband in years, mean | 48.73 [46.80,50.67] | 51.38 [47.83,54.94] | 48.38 [47.69,49.07] | 46.33 [44.69,47.97] | 5.78** |
| Number of people in a concession (larger household, including co-wives and their dependents) | 10.31 [9.54,11.08] | 9.93 [8.56,11.31] | 10.73 [9.14,12.33] | 10.25 [9.57,10.93] | 1.24 |
| Number of people in a ‘ménage’ (smaller household consisting of the woman, her spouse, and their children) | 7.20 [7.00,7.39] | 7.26 [6.92,7.60] | 7.23 [6.89,7.56] | 7.11 [6.80,7.42] | 0.21 |
| Number of children (under age of 15) under woman’s care, mean | 4.28 [4.11,4.45] | 4.21 [3.89,4.53] | 4.38 [4.07,4.68] | 4.26 [4.05,4.47] | 0.56 |
| Household assets ownership | |||||
| mobile telephone | 42.5 [38.92,46.16] | 45.83 [38.62,53.23] | 42.5 [37.61,47.54] | 39.17 [36.04,42.39] | 1.84 |
| bicycle | 61.67 [51.4,70.99] | 70 [52.1,83.35] | 61.67 [53.05,69.61] | 53.33 [34.44,71.32] | 1.41 |
| motorcycle or motor-tricycle | 2.5 [1.1,5.6] | 5 [2.09,11.48] | 1.67 [0.52,5.17] | 0.83 [0.11,5.89] | 3.22 |
| animal-drawn cart | 3.89 [2.32,6.44] | 3.33 [1.47,7.40] | 4.17 [2.79,6.18] | 4.17 [1.24,13.14] | 0.10 |
| Plow | 2.78 [0.99,7.54] | 3.33 [.7974,12.89] | 0.83 [0.11,5.89] | 4.17 [0.89,17.33] | 0.90 |
| assets of a value more than 20,000 West African CFA Franc (~33 USD) | 0.28 [0.03,2.47] | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.83 [0.11,5.89] | 0.06 |
| Livestock | 45.83 [36.26,55.72] | 48.33 [24.58,72.87] | 45.83 [36.56,55.4] | 0.11 | |
| Village level Characteristics | N=12 | n=4 | n=4 | n=4 | F |
| Distance to the capital of the commune (chef-lieu de commune) (km) | 12.83 [7.94; 17.72] | 12.50 [7.91, 17.09] | 11.00 [−3.35, 25.35] | 15.0 [−2.19, 32.19] | 0.24 |
| Total population (estimated from the 2006 general census) | 1908 [1242; 2574] | 1584 [287; 2881] | 2282 [221; 4775] | 1858 [651; 3065] | 0.40 |
| Child population (under the age of 15) | 885 [576; 1194] | 735 [133; 1337] | 1058 [98; 2215] | 862 [302; 1422] | 0.40 |
| Distance to the nearest school (km) | 8.5 [4.65; 12.35] | 8.0 [4.10; 11.90] | 8.75 [−4.78; 22.28] | 8.75 [−3.11; 20.61] | 0.02 |
| Distance to the nearest mining site (km) | 15.42 [8.6;22.24] | 12.5 [−5.24;30.24] | 18.0 [−3.27;39.27] | 15.75 [−0.08;31.58] | 0.23 |
| Number of community health centers | 0.17 [−0.08;0.41] | 0 [0.00; 0.00] | 0.25 [−0.55;1.05] | 0.25 [−0.55;1.05] | 0.50 |
*
p≤0.05
**
p≤0.01
***
p≤0.001