Table 1.
Data extracted from the selected articles.
| Study | Country | Experiment | Plant species | Plants | Plant part | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [50] | Egypt | In vivo | C. dioscorides, C. ambrosioides, S. sesban | 3 | ? | Reduction in worm and egg loads, improved liver function |
| [45] | Egypt | In vivo | A. cepa, A. sativum | 2 | Pseudostem | Increased IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and lower catalase, GPX, and SOD antioxidant enzyme activities, worm burden, hepatic and intestinal eggs |
| [44] | Brazil | In vitro | T. vulgare | 1 | Leaf | Reduced egg output, motor activity, adult death |
| [42]∗± | Egypt | In vivo | C. procera a, F. elastic, Z. officinale | 3 | Stem-latex, rhizome, flower | Reduced hepatic and intestinal tissue egg loads, adult worm burden, positively affected oogram pattern |
| [48]ȱ± | Brazil | In vivo\vitro | B. trimera | 1 | Leaf | Reduction in worm burden and eggs |
| [40] | Brazil | In vivo\vitro | M. frigidus | 1 | Aerial parts | Reduced worm count & contorted muscles, vesicles, and darkened paired worm skin |
| [34] | Brazil | In vitro | A. indica | 1 | Leaf | 100% mortality of female worms, significant motor activity reduction, severe morphological changes |
| [37] | Kenya | In vivo | E. capensis, A. indica | 2 | Stem-bark, leaf | % worm load reduction, reduced tissues (liver and intestine) and egg load counts, the activity of the two plant extracts was dose-dependent with E. capensis being more potent in reducing both the worm burden at all the stages and tissue egg load |
| [43]∗± | Egypt | In vivo\vitro | P. granatum | 1 | Leaf, stem-bark | Adult death, reduced motor activity, reduced granulomas |
| [49] | Egypt | In vivo | C. scolymus | 1 | Leaf | Reduction of granuloma diameter, improvement of liver functions and liver fibrosis |
| [39] | Ghana | In vivo\vitro | R. vomitoria | 1 | Stem-bark, root, | Adult worm death |
| [47]± | Brazil | In vitro | A. lappa | 1 | Flower | No cytotoxic to Vero cells, 100% mortality and reduction on motor activity of all adult worms, tegumental morphological alterations and changes in the numbers of tubercles of adult worms |
| [38] | Brazil | In vivo | P. amarus | 1 | Leaf | Worm reduced, no alteration in the liver function |
| [46] | Ethiopia | In vivo | E. kebericho, H. abyssinica | 2 | Root, flower | Reduction of fecal egg count and adult worm burden, reduction in liver granuloma score |
| [41]∗ | Cameroon | In vivo | O. pulcherrima | 1 | Root | Reduced ova, adult worm |
| [36] | Ghana | In vivo/vitro | P. amarus, V. amygdalina, A. indica, M. lucida, N. latifolia | 5 | Whole plant, leaf, stem-bark | Reduced mean liver and spleen weights, high adulticidal activities in vitro/vivo, fewer granulomas, smaller granuloma diameter |
| [35] | Ghana | In vitro | 24 A. indica included | 25∗∗ | Almost all parts mentioned above | Inhibition of the motility of NTS+ and adult worm |
∗Preliminary phytochemical screening done; ±acute toxicity done; ȱfresh specimen; awas toxic before removing the rubber; +newly transformed schistosomule; ∗∗a total of 25 plants in 7 groups in combinations of 2-5 plants in each group.