Table 4. Bleeding risk of dentoalveolar procedures (excluding major maxillofacial surgery).
| Minimal risk | Low risk | High risk | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | Sedation techniques or general anesthesia 1 |
Local anesthesia (e.g., infiltration, intraligamental, and intrapulpal techniques)
13
Mandibular block injections 1 12 13 |
– |
| Oral hygiene | Cleaning (sub- or supragingival), pit and fissure sealing | Simple and deep scaling 12 | – |
| Endodontic treatment | Instrumentation not beyond apical constriction |
Pulpotomy
12
46
Instrumentation beyond apical constriction |
Apical endodontic surgery |
| Periodontal treatment | – | Subgingival scaling and root planing | Periodontal surgery (curettage, (major) flap surgery 13 ) a |
| Tooth extractions | Singular single-rooted tooth extractions 46 49 | Simple tooth extractions 35 49 99 | >3 roots or complex procedures 13 |
| Dental implants | – | Regular procedures 14 35 99 100 | Mandibular procedures a |
| Oral surgery, other | – |
(Superficial) abscess incision
35
99
Mucosal and mucocutaneous biopsies Biopsies of apical lesions 14 101 |
Surgical removal of teeth Deep tissue biopsies (e.g., salivary glands) |
| Prosthetics | Total prosthesis, prosthetic space maintainers | – | – |
| Crowns and bridgework | Uncomplicated procedures with minimal gingival manipulation | Procedures requiring subgingival manipulation/preparation or removal of dental cement | – |
| Restorative dentistry (“fillings”) | Uncomplicated procedures with minimal gingival manipulation | Procedures requiring gingival or subgingival manipulation | – |
| Orthodontics | Non-invasive orthodontic procedures | Procedures requiring gingival or subgingival manipulation | Orthodontic surgery |
| Posttraumatic procedures | – | Minimal invasive procedures (e.g., repositioning and splinting) | Any surgical procedure |
a
Local factors, such as concomitant periodontal disease, might increase the bleeding risk of the procedure.