Table 1.

Typical types of treatment options are often categorised as “self-treatment” or reliance on more “formal” treatment channels (biomedical here refers to treatment options based in the formal (western) scientific tradition, whereas local refers to informal, local, traditional, or management based ethnoveterinary treatments).

Types of treatment options
Self-treatment		Formal
Biomedical	Agrovet shop (drugs bought based on experience)	Biomedical	Agrovet shop (advice sought from formally trained seller)
	Market drug sellers		Evaluation/assessment from LFO or DVO
	Advice (from social network or animal health providers)		Evaluation/assessment from private vet or paraprofessional (including informal providers, such as CAWHs)
	Self (based on past experience)		Regional vet testing facilities
Local practises	Use of local herbs or remedie	Local practises	Local herbalists, healers
	Behavioural/management strategies		Local experts in birthing

Importantly, we include herbal and traditional healers as “formal” options as, although they are not government sanctioned or trained with biomedical credentials, they are widely recognised among livestock keepers as formalised providers of treatment and advice [see Langwick (44) for further discussion on the regional importance and legitimacy of traditional healers for therapeutic interventions]. Health seeking pathways often begin with self-treatment and may end up with individuals seeking formal treatment if the problem persists or escalates to an unmanageable level. Simultaneous use of treatment options also commonly occurs.