Table 1.
Characteristics of diabetic patients hospitalised for COVID-19 infection (N = 560).
| Characteristics | Patients with available data | Total population | Patient outcome |
P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deceased (n = 165) | Survived (n = 395) | |||||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 560 | 291 (52%) | 93 (56.4%) | 198 (50.1%) | 0.19 | |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 560 | 61.8 (13.4) | 64.3 (14.0) | 60.7 (13.1) | 0.004 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 479 | 29.2 (6.1) | 29.0 (6.5) | 29.3 (5.9) | 0.50 | |
| Marital status (married) n (%) | 560 | 551 (98.4%) | 162 (98.2%) | 389 (98.5%) | 0.65 | |
| Education, n (%) | 512 | 0.76 | ||||
| Illiterate/elementary | 317 (61.9%) | 98 (62.8%) | 219 (61.5%) | |||
| Below diploma/diploma | 124 (24.2%) | 39 (25%) | 85 (23.9%) | |||
| Higher than diploma | 71 (13.9%) | 19 (12.2%) | 52 (14.6%) | |||
| Area of residence, n (%) | 560 | 0.22 | ||||
| Rural | 157 (28.0%) | 40 (24.2%) | 117 (29.6%) | |||
| Urban | 403 (72.0%) | 125 (75.8%) | 278 (70.4%) | |||
| Duration of diabetes, mean ± SD | 469 | 8.01 (8.0) | 7.4 (8.9) | 8.3 (8.5) | 0.33 | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| History of hypertension | 559 | 441 (78.9%) | 122 (73.9%) | 319 (81.0%) | 0.07 | |
| History of previous CAD | 515 | 220 (42.7%) | 63 (42.0%) | 157 (43.0%) | 0.84 | |
| History of stroke | 510 | 53 (10.4%) | 23 (15.4%) | 30 (8.3%) | 0.02 | |
| History of pulmonary disease | 506 | 94 (18.6%) | 35 (23.6%) | 59 (16.5%) | 0.08 | |
| History of diabetic foot | 485 | 76 (15.7%) | 50 (14.9%) | 26 (17.4%) | 0.50 | |
| Routine treatment before admission, n (%) | ||||||
| Antidiabetic drugs | 560 | 0.001 | ||||
| OADs | 215 (38.4%) | 45 (27.3%) | 170 (43%) | |||
| Insulin | 101 (18%) | 28 (17%) | 73 (18.5%) | |||
| Both OADs and insulin | 48 (8.6%) | 17 (10.3%) | 31 (7.8%) | |||
| Beta-blocker | 560 | 76 (13.6%) | 15 (9.1%) | 61 (15.4%) | 0.06 | |
| ARBs/ACE inhibitors | 560 | 249 (44.5%) | 66 (40.0%) | 183 (46.3%) | 0.20 | |
| Statins | 560 | 111 (19.8%) | 21 (12.7%) | 90 (22.8%) | 0.007 | |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 560 | 124 (22.1%) | 31 (18.8%) | 93 (23.5%) | 0.26 | |
| Chest CT imaging, n (%) | 423 | 0.31 | ||||
| Without involvement | 105 (24.8%) | 29 (24.4%) | 76 (25.0%) | |||
| Crazy paving + consolidation | 148 (35.0%) | 48 (40.3%) | 100 (32.9%) | |||
| Other | 170 (40.2%) | 42 (35.3%) | 128 (42.1%) | |||
| Clinical characteristics, n (%) | ||||||
| Dyspnoea | 548 | 338 (70.8%) | 108 (66.3%) | 280 (72.7%) | 0.15 | |
| Cough | 538 | 278 (51.7%) | 77 (48.4%) | 201 (53.0%) | 0.34 | |
| Fever | 540 | 275 (50.9%) | 90 (56.6%) | 185 (48.6%) | 9.09 | |
| Fatigue | 542 | 255 (47.0%) | 84 (52.5%) | 171 (44.8%) | 0.10 | |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 539 | 207 (38.4%) | 73 (45.9%) | 134 (35.3%) | 0.02 | |
| Cognitive impairment | 541 | 83 (15.3%) | 41 (25.8%) | 42 (11.0%) | <0.001 | |
| Anosmia/hyposmia/ageusia | 534 | 76 (14.2%) | 17 (10.8%) | 59 (15.7%) | 0.17 | |
| Vital signs on admission | ||||||
| SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 560 | 137.8 (25.7) | 132.2 (26.2) | 140.2 (25.2) | 0.001 | |
| DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 559 | 81.8 (14.8) | 78.8 (15.4) | 83.1 (14.3) | 0.002 | |
| Pulse (beats/min), mean ± SD | 558 | 99.06 (18.4) | 100.7 (19.1) | 98.4 (18.1) | 0.19 | |
| RR-breaths (per minute), median (IQR) | 559 | 20.0 (18.0–25) | 24.0 (20–28) | 20.0 (18–24) | <0.001 | |
| Temperature (°C), median (IQR) | 557 | 37.0 (37.0–37.5) | 37.2 (37–37.6) | 37.0 (37–37.5) | 0.15 | |
| SPO2 (%), median (IQR) | 560 | 91.0 (85–95) | 85.0 (72.5–91) | 93.0 (88–96) | <0.001 | |
| Admission plasma glucose (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 559 | 231.4 (114.6) | 231.8 (29.0) | 231.2 (108.1) | 0.95 | |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L), mean ± SD | 560 | 8.86 (4.8) | 9.82 (4.5) | 8.46 (4.8) | 0.002 | |
| Neutrophil count (%), median (IQR) | 499 | 79.0 (70–86) | 83.0 (76.5–88.0) | 77.0 (69.7–84) | <0.001 | |
| Lymphocyte count (%), median (IQR) | 499 | 16.0 (10–24) | 12.0 (8–19) | 18.0 (12–26) | <0.001 | |
| Haemoglobin (g/L), mean ± SD | 560 | 119.0 (19) | 118.0 (18.8) | 119.0 (19) | 0.34 | |
| Platelet count (× 109/L), mean ± SD | 560 | 214.0 (94.8) | 199.5 (90.0) | 220.1 (96.1) | 0.02 | |
| Prothrombin time (s), median (IQR) | 283 | 13.2 (13–14.7) | 13.7 (13–15.2) | 13.0 (13–14.0) | 0.77 | |
| Partial thromboplastin time (s), median (IQR) | 283 | 32.0 (27–39) | 32.0 (27.2–41) | 31.8 (27–37) | 0.82 | |
| HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 70 | 9.4 (6.9–10.3) | 9.5 (6.4–10.3) | 9.4 (7–10.4) | 0.68 | |
| CRP (mg/L), mean ± SD | 496 | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.16 (0.37) | 1.18 (0.38) | 0.62 | |
| ESR (mm/h), median (IQR) | 330 | 66.0 (41–93) | 65.0 (41.5–94) | 66.0 (41–92.5) | 0.76 | |
| Albumin (g/dl), mean ± SD | 343 | 3.59 (0.5) | 3.39 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | <0.001 | |
| LDH (U/L), median (IQR) | 528 | 563.5 (426.2–777.0) | 767.0 (537–995) | 512.0 (406–672) | <0.001 | |
| CPK, median (IQR) | 528 | 150.0 (88–297.0) | 201.5 (113.7–553.5) | 131.0 (81–222) | <0.001 | |
| Urea (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 559 | 1.43 (1.03–2.45) | 1.82 (1.25–3.14) | 1.32 (0.92–2.07) | <0.001 | |
| Creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 559 | 106.1 (88.4–141.4) | 114.9 (97.2–176.8) | 97.2 (88.4–132.6) | 0.001 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 559 | 57.47 (26) | 51.0 (27.8) | 59.3 (24.8) | 0.001 | |
| Sodium (mEq/L), mean ± SD | 558 | 136.3 (5.7) | 136.2 (7.0) | 136.37 (5.0) | 0.73 | |
| Potassium (mEq/L), mean ± SD | 558 | 4.48 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.7) | 0.01 | |
| AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 305 | 38.0 (27–65.5) | 48.0 (30–91) | 54.2 (23.7–58.2) | 0.001 | |
| ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 305 | 34.0 (21–56.5) | 37.0 (22–73) | 30.5 (20–56) | 0.014 | |
| FPG (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 560 | 250.5 (114.7) | 282.2 (133.3) | 237.3 (103.3) | <0.001 | |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; OADs, oral antidiabetic drugs; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CAD, coronary artery disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; RR, respiratory rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (as calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation); AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.