. 2021 Nov 3;12:762689. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.762689

TABLE 5.

Carotenoid contents (μg/g) analysis in tissues of Penaeus monodon.^#

Parameters	Treatments
	A	B	C	D	E	F
Whole body
Astaxanthin	4.2 ± 0.15^a	5.13 ± 0.24^ab	6.24 ± 0.08^b	8.88 ± 0.12^c	11.35 ± 0.40^d	12.01 ± 0.84^d
Zeaxanthin	ND	ND	ND	0.13 ± 0.02^a	0.33 ± 0.01^b	0.26 ± 0.06^b
Canthaxanthin	0.44 ± 0.03^a	0.68 ± 0.08^ab	0.80 ± 0.04^b	0.88 ± 0.09^b	1.03 ± 0.02^bc	1.42 ± 0.17^c
β-cryptoxanthin	0.38 ± 0.03^a	0.50 ± 0.11^ab	0.60 ± 0.23^ab	0.64 ± 0.07^ab	0.76 ± 0.03^b	1.30 ± 0.02^c
Echinenone	0.68 ± 0.08^a	1.18 ± 0.20^ab	0.89 ± 0.01^a	1.26 ± 0.02^ab	2.06 ± 0.16^b	2.76 ± 0.35^c
β-carotene	1.06 ± 0.40^a	1.46 ± 0.23^ab	1.92 ± 0.07^bc	2.58 ± 0.19^cd	3.05 ± 0.13^d	5.32 ± 0.01^e
Shell
Astaxanthin	5.13 ± 0.10^a	6.78 ± 0.13^b	7.65 ± 0.03^c	8.81 ± 0.04^d	11.21 ± 0.20^e	12.01 ± 0.38^e
Zeaxanthin	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Canthaxanthin	0.66 ± 0.03^a	0.66 ± 0.02^a	0.87 ± 0.03^ab	1.02 ± 0.03^b	1.50 ± 0.02^c	1.54 ± 0.03^c
β-cryptoxanthin	0.57 ± 0.15^a	1.20 ± 0.16^b	1.80 ± 0.05^b	2.28 ± 0.04^c	2.52 ± 0.09^c	2.85 ± 0.08^c
Echinenone	1.38 ± 0.27^a	1.47 ± 0.07^a	1.95 ± 0.08^ab	2.88 ± 0.06^b	3.39 ± 0.03^c	4.27 ± 0.28^d
β-carotene	2.79 ± 0.40^ab	2.19 ± 0.11^a	3.66 ± 0.07^b	4.25 ± 0.21^b	5.34 ± 0.41^c	6.73 ± 0.10^d
Muscle
Astaxanthin	1.34 ± 0.04^a	1.75 ± 0.04^a	2.51 ± 0.01^b	3.18 ± 0.04^c	3.38 ± 0.07^c	3.70 ± 0.45^c
Zeaxanthin	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.27 ± 0.03^b
Canthaxanthin	0.18 ± 0.01^a	0.21 ± 0.04^a	0.33 ± 0.01^ab	0.39 ± 0.04^ab	0.42 ± 0.03^ab	0.54 ± 0.39^b
β-cryptoxanthin	0.56 ± 0.04^a	0.65 ± 0.16^a	0.70 ± 0.13^ab	0.79 ± 0.04^ab	1.03 ± 0.06^b	1.11 ± 0.08^b
Echinenone	0.85 ± 0.08^a	1.17 ± 0.10^ab	1.44 ± 0.03^ab	2.03 ± 0.01^ab	2.31 ± 0.25^b	2.57 ± 0.12^b
β-carotene	0.85 ± 0.23^a	1.44 ± 0.10^b	1.49 ± 0.14^b	2.26 ± 0.17^c	2.70 ± 0.06^c	2.78 ± 0.20^c

^#Data are expressed as mean ± SEM from triplicate groups. Mean values in the same row with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

ND, not detected. Shell: including shrimp carapace, telson, and uropod.