Fig. 1 ∣. In situ modulation of the gut microbiome with “colon-retentive” inulin gel for improving cancer immunotherapy.
Orally administered, inulin gel increases the levels of “beneficial” commensal microbes and their metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that induce stem-like T-cell factor-1(Tcf1)+PD-1+CD8+ T cells. Inulin gel synergizes with α-PD-1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunotherapy, exerting potent anti-tumor efficacy in multiple tumor models.