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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021 Jul 20;69(11):3301–3311. doi: 10.1111/jgs.17373

Table 1.

Medication Adherence Outcomes and Secondary Outcomes

Comparisons k Mean ES 95% CI Q I 2
Medication adherence, all eligible studies 40 0.57*** 0.38, 0.76 466.33*** 91.64
Medication adherence, outliers removed 38 0.41*** 0.27, 0.54 199.78*** 81.48
Quality of life 11 0.29* 0.04, 0.55 77.18*** 87.04
Systolic blood pressure 8 0.42** 0.10, 0.73 55.40*** 87.36
Diastolic blood pressure 8 0.35* 0.03, 0.68 61.24*** 88.57
Mortality 9 0.79 0.61, 1.01 11.32 29.30
Hospitalizations/readmissions 7 0.82 0.67, 1.01 8.25 27.25

k = number of comparisons

ES = effect size (Cohen’s d, except for mortality and hospitalizations [relative risk])

Q = heterogeneity statistic (weighted squared deviations from summary effect)

I2 = index of heterogeneity beyond within-study sampling error

*

p < .05,

**

p < .01,

***

p < .001