. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021 Jul 20;69(11):3301–3311. doi: 10.1111/jgs.17373

Table 2.

Adherence Outcomes by Time Point

Comparisons	k	d	95% CI	Q	I ²
Medication adherence, 3-month outcome	12	0.64^***	0.32, 0.97	93.14^***	88.19
Medication adherence, 6-month outcome	13	0.30^**	0.11, 0.48	52.99^***	77.36
Medication adherence, 12-month outcome	12	0.22^**	0.08, 0.37	22.15^*	50.33
Medication adherence, beyond 12 months	5	0.36^*	0.02, 0.70	42.92^***	90.68

k = number of comparisons

d = standardized mean difference effect size

ES = estimated mean of true effect sizes (d index)

Q = heterogeneity statistic (weighted squared deviations from summary effect)

I² = index of heterogeneity beyond within-study sampling error

p < .05,

^**

p < .01,

^***

p < .001