Table 2. Laboratory tests and imaging abnormalities in children (aged <10 years) vs. those in adolescents (≥10 years) with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
| Variables | Children (n=74) | Adolescents (n=75) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hematological parameters | |||
| Hemoglobin concentration, g/dL (n=126) | 11.28±2.09 | 11.55±2.19 | 0.471 |
| Hemoglobin <10 g/dL (n=126) | 17/66 (26) | 11/60 (18) | 0.317 |
| Leucocyte count/mm3 (n=126) | 8,210±5,815 | 7,377±4,583 | 0.377 |
| Leucopenia <4,000/mm3 (n=126) | 7/66 (11) | 14/60 (23) | 0.056 |
| Neutrophil count/ mm3 (n=125) | 3,200 (0-28,768) | 3,905 (0-27,900) | 0.064 |
| Neutropenia <1,000/mm3 (n=125) | 8/65 (12) | 5/60 (8) | 0.467 |
| Lymphocyte count/mm3 (n=125) | 2,610 (0-17,860) | 1,315 (0-9,890) | <0.001 |
| Lymphopenia <1,500/mm3 (n=125) | 15/65 (23) | 33/60 (55) | <0.001 |
| Thrombocyte count/mm3 (n=125) | 254,439±136,531 | 197,054±115,116 | 0.003 |
| Thrombocytopenia <100,000/ mm3 (n=125) | 8/66 (12) | 13/59 (22) | 0.139 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| C-reactive protein, mg/L (n=118) | 10.96 (0.3-311) | 20.8 (0.3-580.4) | 0.050 |
| C-reactive protein >30 mg/L (n=118) | 21/61 (34) | 25/57 (44) | 0.294 |
| ESR, mm/first hour (n=23) | 36.6 (0-140) | 35 (0-140) | 0.804 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL (n=65) | 284 (0-766) | 388.5 (0-1,274) | 0.023 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL (n=91) | 1,286 (190-95,040) | 1,043 (190-86,900) | 0.584 |
| D-dimer >1000 ng/mL (n=91) | 26/45 (58) | 24/46 (52) | 0.591 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL (n=96) | 118 (0-15,179) | 358 (37-35,976) | 0.016 |
| Other exams | |||
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L (n=76) | 316.5 (4-3,040) | 335.5 (0-6,000) | 0.621 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL (n=71) | 3.70±0.73 | 3.42±0.73 | 0.121 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L (n=111) | 32.5 (13-377) | 26 (7-2,002) | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L (n=111) | 22 (6-495) | 24 (5-3,338) | 0.885 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase, U/L (n=61) | 33 (6-1,262) | 92.5 (15-483) | 0.116 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L (n=58) | 163 (77-834) | 133 (69-545) | 0.038 |
| Blood urea, mg/dL (n=114) | 18 (6-106) | 23 (4-186) | 0.012 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL (n=114) | 0.34 (0.03-17) | 0.56 (0.17-10.06) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL (n=31) | 93 (41-750) | 146 (59-308) | 0.477 |
| CK, U/L (n=62) | 101 (31-1,008) | 90 (13-3,331) | 0.703 |
| CK-MB, ng/mL (n=52) | 2.85 (0.64-14.7) | 1.34 (0.3-28.94) | 0.010 |
| Troponin T, ng/mL (n=86) | 0.011 (0.003-0.08) | 0.009 (0.003-1.05) | 0.941 |
| Prothrombin time, s (n=92) | 13.1 (1.28-16.1) | 13.35 (10.8-38.2) | 0.061 |
| INR (n=92) | 1.01 (0.9-1.23) | 1.08 (0.9-3.13) | 0.013 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time, s (n=91) | 32.17±7.16 | 36.28±7.32 | 0.008 |
| Hematuria >5 erythrocytes/mL (n=66) | 6/39 (15) | 7/27 (26) | 0.290 |
| Proteinuria >0.5 g/day (n=57) | 2/34 (6) | 4/23 (17) | 0.165 |
| Chest X-ray abnormalities (n=90) | 25/46 (54) | 22/44 (50) | 0.680 |
| Pulmonary CT abnormalities (n=41) | 15/20 (75) | 16/21 (76) | 0.929 |
| Cardiac alterations on echocardiogram (n=68) | 14/34 (41) | 13/34 (38) | 0.802 |
Results are presented as n (%), medians (minimum-maximum values), and means±standard deviations; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, muscle and brain creatine kinase-isoenzyme; INR, international normalized ratio; CT, computed tomography.