Table 1.

The protein domains of perlecan and their functions through interactive ligands.

Domain	Interacting partner(s)	Potential function	References
I (HS)	Activin A, Ang-3, BMP-2, FBN1, FGF-2/18, GM-CSF, HGF, VEGF, WARP, PRELP, LN, PDGF	Angiogenesis; Cell adhesion/motility; Chondrogenesis; GF delivery/activity; ECM anchoring/assembly/stabilization	[27,30,31,48,141,195–198]
II	CTGF, FBN1, LDL/VLDL, Wnt/Ca2+	BM anchoring and biogenesis of microfibrils	[27–30]
III	FGF-7/18, PDGF, WARP	Angiogenesis; Cartilage structure assembly; ECM assembly/stabilization; GF delivery	[31–33,199]
IV	COL IV, FBLN2, FN, Heparin, LN, NID1/2, PDGF	Angiogenesis; BM stabilization; GF reservoir	[27,200,201]
V	α2β1 Integrin, DG, ECM1, FBLN2, FGF-7, Heparin, NID1, PGRN, PRELP	Angiogenesis; BM assembly/stabilization; Cell adhesion and motility; Proliferation	[27,32,195,202,203]

Abbreviation: Ang-3: angiopoietin-3; BM: basement membrane; BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2; DG: dystroglycan; ECM: extracellular matrix; ECM1: extracellular matrix protein 1; FBLN2: fibulin-2; FBN1: fibrillin-1; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; FN: fibronectin; GF: growth factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LN: laminin; NID: nidogen; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; PGRN: progranulin; PRELP: proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; WARP: von Willebrand factor A domain related protein