Table.2:

Clinical trials using exosomes in cancer immunotherapy

Identifier	Cancer type	Exosome source	Treatment strategy
NCT01159288	NSCLC	Tumor antigen-loaded DC-derived exosomes	Metronomic cyclophosphamide (mCTX) treatment followed by vaccinations with exosomes. Findings: mCTX inhibits immunosuppressive Treg fucntions and exosomes activate innate and adaptive immunity.
NCT03985696	Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma	Exosomes purified from patients and cancer cells	CD20 and PDL1 expression in exosomes are analyzed to study their prognostic significance on patient outcome and rituximab response.
NCT02869685	NSCLC	Plasma	PDL1 levels in plasma exosomes are analyzed after 24h and 48h of radiotherapy. If PDL1 is upregulated, radiotherapy can be combined with immunotherapy to increase treatment efficacy.
NCT02977468	Triple negative breast cancer	Serum	Testing if pembrolizumab treatment alters the expression of immune tolerance markers like PDL1 in the primary tumor, circulating lymphocytes, and serum exosomes.
NCT04427475	NSCLC	Plasma	Exosomal PDL1 and mRNAs are analyzed in stage IV EGFR/ALK wild-type NSCLC patients before and after treatment with anti-PD1 (pabolizumab or nafulizumab)
NCT02507583	Malignant glioma	Tumor cells	Patients’ tumor cells are taken, treating them with investigational drug insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide (IGF-1R/AS ODN) and reimplanting into patients. As the tumor cells die inside the patient, they release tumor antigen containing exosomes, which can activate immune cells.
NCT03854032	Stage II-IV head and neck squamous cell cancer	Peripheral blood	Patients are treated with Nivolumab and BMS986205, an indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitor (IDO1i). Exosomes abundance and composition before and after therapy are analyzed.
NCT02535247	NK and T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Peripheral blood	Patients are treated with pembrolizumab alone or combined with copanlisib. Exosomes are profiled for PDL1 expression.