Table 4.
Multivariable models of dental caries in permanent dentition at age 6 years
| Variables | Unadjusted models | Adjusted models† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | ||
| Gestational and birth variables | |||||||
| Maternal age at birth | 0.901 | ||||||
| <20 years | 1.07 | (0.34, 3.35) | 0.70 | (0.18, 2.70) | 0.601 | ||
| ≥20 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Maternal education | 0.004 | 0.021 | |||||
| ≤ 8 years | 3.80 | (1.53, 9.42) | 3.68 | (1.22, 11.07) | |||
| > 8 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Family income | 0.516 | ||||||
| 1st tertile | 1.79 | (0.51, 6.37) | 1.11 | (0.27, 4.55) | 0.886 | ||
| 2nd tertile | 1.95 | (0.57, 6.74) | 1.61 | (0.43, 5.97) | 0.475 | ||
| 3rd tertile | 1.00 | ||||||
| Weight gestational gain (kg) | 1.10 | (1.02, 1.17) | 0.008 | 1.08 | (1.01, 1.16) | 0.029 | |
| Child sex | 0.765 | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Female | 1.15 | (0.47, 2.80) | 1.30 | (0.48, 3.54) | 0.601 | ||
| Birth weight | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 0.564 | 1.00 | (1.00, 1.00) | 0.197 | |
| Birth height | 1.01 | (0.84, 1.21) | 0.920 | 0.87 | (0.64, 1.17) | 0.352 | |
| Variables at 6 months | |||||||
| Child BMI z-scores | 0.901 | 0.928 | |||||
| ≤ 1 SD | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| > 1 SD | 1.06 | (0.40, 2.86) | 1.05 | (0.34, 3.23) | |||
| Sugar consumption index | 1.33 | (1.09, 1.62) | 0.005 | 1.27 | (1.02, 1.59) | 0.036 | |
| Variables at 3 years | |||||||
| Child BMI z-scores | 0.922 | 0.534 | |||||
| ≤ 1 SD | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| > 1 SD | 1.05 | (0.42, 2.63) | 0.63 | (0.14, 2.74) | |||
| Monthly sugar purchase (kg/person) | 1.66 | (1.14, 2.43) | 0.008 | 1.62 | (0.78, 3.36) | 0.198 | |
| Monthly oil purchase (kg/person) | 1.46 | (0.84, 2.54) | 0.175 | 0.61 | (0.11, 3.42) | 0.571 | |
| Developmental defects of enamel at 3 years | 0.282 | 0.765 | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.74 | (0.63, 4.81) | 0.77 | (0.15, 4.15) | |||
| Visible plaque | 0.115 | 0.590 | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.22 | (0.82, 6.01) | 1.50 | (0.34, 6.63) | |||
| Previous dental visit | 0.141 | 0.684 | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 0.32 | (0.07, 1.45) | 0.68 | (0.11, 4.33) | |||
| Dental caries at 3 years | 0.001 | 0.271 | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 5.30 | (1.85, 15.14) | 2.26 | (0.53, 9.62) | |||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DMFT, decayed (cavitated or noncavitated), missing due to caries, restored permanent tooth index.
†
Covariables added to models in serial such that covariables are mutually adjusted for all covariables at the same level or higher (i.e., measured contemporaneously or earlier). All adjusted models also include assignment group in the original trial (intervention or control) as a covariable.