Table 2:
Stratification of Prescription Opioid Use and Long-term Prescription Opioid Use Among Women of Reproductive Age, NHANES 2003-2018
| Characteristics | Any Opioid Usea (nb=519) vs. No Opioid Use (n=13,039) |
Long-Termc Opioid Use (n=229) vs. No Opioid Use (n=13,039) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR (95% CI)d | aOR (95% CI)e | cOR (95% CI)d | aOR (95% CI)e | |
| Survey Year | ||||
| 2003-2012 | Referent | Referent | ||
| 2013-2018 | 0.62 (0.48-0.80)** | 0.59 (0.45-0.78)** | 0.85 (0.61-1.19) | 0.79 (0.54-1.16) |
| Age, years | ||||
| 15-24 | Referent | Referent | ||
| 25-34 | 1.46 (1.08-1.95)* | 1.32 (0.95-1.85) | 2.13(1.19-3.84)* | 1.78 (0.95-3.36) |
| 35-44 | 2.14 (1.64-2.80)** | 1.75 (1.27-2.42)** | 4.95 (2.98-8.23)** | 3.71 (2.08-6.61)** |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non- Hispanic White | Referent | Referent | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.78 (0.60-1.00) | 0.63 (0.48-0.84)** | 0.69 (0.49-0.95)* | 0.48 (0.33-0.70)** |
| Hispanic | 0.58 (0.44-0.75)** | 0.50 (0.37-0.67)** | 0.44 (0.29-0.66)** | 0.31 (0.19-0.51)** |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 0.45 (0.27-0.74)** | 0.46 (0.28-0.76)* | 0.71 (0.38-1.30) | 0.70 (0.38-1.30) |
| Pregnant | ||||
| Yes | Referent | Referent | ||
| No | 1.99 (1.04-3.83)* | 1.81 (0.94-3.47) | 2.60 (0.81-8.40) | 1.84 (0.56-6.00) |
| Missing | 0.87 (0.41-1.84) | 1.30 (0.60-2.81) | 0.52 (0.13-2.16) | 1.05 (0.25-4.48) |
| Education Level | ||||
| Some High School | Referent | Referent | ||
| High School Diploma | 1.30 (0.98-1.72) | 1.11 (0.82-1.50) | 1.56 (0.99-2.45) | 1.26 (0.78-2.06) |
| More than High School | 1.07 (0.85-1.36) | 1.05 (0.78-1.40) | 1.03 (0.69-1.53) | 1.04 (0.64-1.70) |
| Family Income-to-Poverty Ratio | ||||
| 0.00-1.30 | Referent | Referent | ||
| 1.31-1.85 | 1.06 (0.79-1.41) | 1.19 (0.87-1.63) | 1.08 (0.65-1.80) | 1.40 (0.80-2.46) |
| 1.86-2.50 | 1.09 (0.73-1.61) | 1.17 (0.76-1.79) | 1.01 (0.61-1.68) | 1.29 (0.72-2.31) |
| >2.50 | 0.74 (0.58-0.95)* | 0.80 (0.57-1.13) | 0.55 (0.37-0.80)** | 0.75 (0.45-1.23) |
| Health Insurance Type | ||||
| Private | Referent | Referent | ||
| Medicare, Medicaid, or CHIP | 1.97 (1.49-2.60)** | 1.76 (1.25-2.47)** | 3.17 (2.15-4.68)** | 2.43 (1.46-4.04)** |
| Other Insurancef | 1.08 (0.76-1.55) | 1.07 (0.74-1.54) | 1.43 (0.89-2.32) | 1.40 (0.83-2.37) |
| No Insurance | 0.80 (0.57-1.11) | 0.64 (0.44-0.94)* | 0.96 (0.59-1.56) | 0.71 (0.42-1.22) |
| General Health Condition | ||||
| Excellent, Very Good, or Good | Referent | Referent | ||
| Fair or Poor | 3.27 (2.63-4.07)** | 3.24 (2.53-4.15)** | 6.11 (4.67-8.00)** | 5.45 (3.76-7.89)** |
| Ever Used Heroin g | ||||
| Yes | Referent | Referent | ||
| No | 1.71 (0.71-4.15) | 2.38 (0.97-5.86) | 2.02 (0.62-6.62) | 3.21 (0.96-10.69) |
| Refused, Don’t know, or Missing | 0.79 (0.34-1.84) | 1.36 (0.57-3.24) | 0.66 (0.21-2.03) | 1.49 (0.47-4.72) |
At least 1 opioid prescription reported as used within the last month. Category includes short-term (<90 days) and long-term use (≥90 days) but does not include MOUD use.
Unweighted sample counts
At least 1 opioid prescription reported as used for ≥ 90 days and if multiple opioids were reported the longest frequency was used. Participants with long-term use were compared to those with no opioid use (excluded participants with short term opioid use (N=290))
Bivariate logistic regressions conducted for each variable separately. Results presented as crude odds ratio (cOR) and 95% wald confidence intervals (95% CI)
Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for survey year, age, race, pregnancy status, education level, and income-to-poverty ratio, health insurance type, general health condition, and history of heroin use. Results presented as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% wald confidence intervals (95% CI)
Other insurance includes other types of government insurance and single service plans
Respondents answer to question “Have you ever, even once, used heroin?”
Boldface indicates statistical significance
p<0.05
p<.01