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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2021 Oct 13;153:106846. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106846

Appendix Table 1:

Trend Analysis for Prescription Opioid Use, Long-term Prescription Opioid use, and Medications for Opioid Use Disorder among Women of Reproductive Age: NHANES 2003-2018

Parameter Estimates for Joinpoint Model Fit Using NCI’s
Joinpoint Software
Percentage
changea 		Slope Standard error P valueb
Any Prescription Opioid Use
 2003-2004 through 2017-2018 −9.16 −0.10 0.03 0.01
Long-term Prescription Opioid Use
 Trend 1 (2003-2004 through 2013-2014) 2.55 0.03 0.04 0.56
 Trend 2 (2013-2014 through 2017-2018) −19.89 −0.22 0.26 0.45
Medications for Opioid Use Disorder c
 Trend 1 (2005-2006 through 2011-2012) 129.68 0.83 0.16 0.03
 Trend 2 (2011-2012 through 2017-2018) 31.51 −0.38 0.12 0.09
a

Percentage change in the prevalence of prescription opioid or medication use per two years (survey cycle)

b

P value <0.05 indicates that the percentage change is significantly different from zero

c

Survey wave 2003-2004 had 0 observations and was excluded from joinpoint regression