Table 1.

Examples of the four types of target sentences and comprehension sentences.

Sentence type	Target sentences in English (L2)	Comprehension sentences in Chinese (L1)
CM L-CM NM L-NM	The newspaper bent the truth. The repairman bent the pipe. The tax pinched the industry. The man pinched my face.	报纸歪曲了事实。 (bào zhǐ wāi q$\overline{\text{u}}$ le shì shí) 修理工掰弯管子。 (xi$\overline{\text{u}}$ lǐ g$\overline{\text{o}}$ng bāi wān guǎn zi) 税收损伤这个行业。 (shuì sh$\overline{\text{o}}$u sǔn shāng zhè gè háng yè) 男人捏了捏我的脸。 (nán rén niē le niē wǒ de liǎn)

CM, conventional metaphor; NM, novel metaphor; L-CM & L-NM are the literal counterparts to conventional metaphors and novel metaphors, respectively. Underlined words indicate the English verbs.