Table 3.

Comparison of clinical assessment outcomes at admission and discharge for in-person and telehealth groups. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation with analysis of variance results for the group factor.

Clinical Assessment	Total Score	In-Person	Telehealth	Cohen's D	F(1, 2380)	p	η2	Post-hoc comparisons
QIDS
ADMISSION
Treatment Delivery					1.06	.30	0.00
In-person	14.15 ± 5.07
Telehealth	14.36 ± 5.27
Level of Care					88.00	<.001***	0.04	t(746) = 9.35, p < .001***
PHPa		14.54 ± 5.04	14.95 ± 5.10
IOP		12.60 ± 4.87	12.04 ± 5.30
Treatment Delivery   × Level of Care					3.55	.06	0.00
DISCHARGE
Treatment Delivery					3.60	.06	0.00
In-person	8.42 ± 5.12			1.13
Telehealtha	8.82 ± 5.27			1.05
Level of Care					48.07	<.001***	0.02	t(798) = 7.28, p < .001***
PHPa		8.82 ± 5.14	9.15 ± 5.31	1.12
IOP		6.85 ± 4.71	7.49 ± 4.91	1.04
Treatment Delivery   × Level of Care					0.34	.56	0.00
In-person PHP				1.12
In-person IOP				1.20
Telehealth PHP				1.11
Telehealth IOP				0.89
% CHANGEb
Treatment Delivery					0.01	.90	0.00
In-person	−37.34% (37.38%)
Telehealth	−37.06% (37.47%)
Level of Care					0.00	.96	0.00
PHP		−36.50% (37.43%)	−37.04% (34.73%)
IOP		−37.34% (37.38%)	−37.06% (37.47%)
Treatment Delivery   × Level of Care					2.67	.10	0.00
Q-LES-Q
ADMISSION
Treatment Delivery					0.26	.61	0.00
In-person	45.89 ± 16.07
Telehealth	46.22 ± 16.33
Level of Care					78.00	<.001***	0.03	t(742) = −8.77, p < .001***
PHP		44.64 ± 15.87	44.55 ± 15.94
IOPa		50.78 ± 15.94	52.75 ± 16.22
Treatment Delivery   × Level of Care					1.59	.21	0.00
DISCHARGE
Treatment Delivery					0.73	.39	0.00
In-person	61.05 ± 17.62			0.90
Telehealth	61.67 ± 17.48			0.91
Level of Care					39.14	<.001***	0.02	t(780) = −6.46, p < .001***
PHP		59.73 ± 17.47	60.73 ± 17.71	0.93
IOPa		66.23 ± 17.27	65.31 ± 16.07	0.86
Treatment Delivery   × Level of Care					1.17	.28	0.00
In-person PHP				0.90
In-person IOP				0.93
Telehealth PHP				0.96
Telehealth IOP				0.78
% CHANGEb
Treatment Delivery					1.62	.20	0.00
In-person	21.46% (35.94%)
Telehealth	21.06% (34.81%)
Level of Care					2.69	.10	0.00
PHP		20.21% (42.93%)	21.65% (36.79%)
IOP		21.46% (35.94%)	21.06% (34.81%)
Treatment Delivery   × Level of Care					2.33	.13	0.00

Note: Significance threshold used is 0.05. F-statistics and partial eta-squared (η2) reflect the ANOVA results at the group level. T-tests reflect significant pairwise comparisons. Cohen's D effect size reflects the change between admission and discharge score and is presented alongside discharge data only.

^aSignificantly greater.

^b% Change denotes percent change in total score (e.g. admission, discharge) over time.