Table I.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | Healthy controls |
All patients |
Disease severity |
P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 13) | (n = 32) | Moderate |
Severe |
Critical |
||
| (n = 11) | (n = 10) | (n = 11) | ||||
| Age (y) | 59.2 (45.2-60.0) | 55.6 (51.2-64.8) | 55.9 (44.7-65.1) | 53.5 (48.02-61) | 60.2 (54.8-71.65) | .23 |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 10 (77) | 24 (75) | 8 (72.7) | 9 (90) | 7 (63.6) | .37 |
| Interval from first symptoms to admission (d), median (IQR) | — | 10 (9-11) | 9 (9-11) | 10.5 (10-12) | 9 (8-11) | .06 |
| Coexisting disorder, no. (%) | ||||||
| Any | 0 (0) | 14 (44) | 2 (18) | 3 (30) | 9 (82) | .006 |
| COPD | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | .37 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0) | 5 (16) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 4 (36) | .053 |
| Hypertension | 0 (0) | 10 (31) | 2 (18) | 2 (20) | 6 (55) | .12 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0 (0) | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (27) | .042 |
| Cancer or hemopathy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — |
| Chronic renal disease | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | .37 |
| Overweight | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 1 (9) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | .5 |
| Fever on admission | ||||||
| Temperature (°C), median (IQR) | NA | 38.9 (38.5-39.4) | 38.8 (38.2-39.5) | 38.6 (38.5-39.7) | 39.0 (38.5-39.4) | — |
| Symptoms on admission, no. (%) | ||||||
| Fever | NA | 32 (100) | 11 (100) | 10 (100) | 11 (100) | — |
| Dyspnea | NA | 32 (100) | 11 (100) | 10 (100) | 11 (100) | — |
| Cough | NA | 31 (97) | 10 (91) | 10 (100) | 11 (100) | .37 |
| Fatigue | NA | 31 (97) | 10 (91) | 10 (100) | 11 (100) | .37 |
| Myalgia | NA | 20 (63) | 8 (73) | 8 (10) | 4 (36) | .082 |
| Diarrhea | NA | 11 (34) | 4 (36) | 5 (50) | 1 (9) | .091 |
| Oxygen requirement (L/min) | NA | — | 1.5 (1-3) | 5 (4-6) | MV | — |
| Clinical outcomes, no. (%) | ||||||
| Thrombotic events | NA | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 2 (18) | .34 |
| MV | NA | — | 0 (0) | 5 (50) | — | — |
| Death | NA | 5 (15.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (45.5) | <.001 |
| Laboratory findings on admission, median (IQR) | ||||||
| Leukocytes (× 109/L) | NA | 6.7 (4.31-8.82) | 4.71 (3.78-5.68) | 7.78 (6.46-8.43) | 9.38 (5.48-10.49) | .038 |
| Neutrophils (× 109/L) | NA | 5.08 (3.12-7.37) | 3.25 (2.07-3.44) | 5.81 (4.74-6.36) | 7.69 (4.32-9.13) | .022 |
| Lymphocytes (× 109/L) | NA | 0.84 (0.56-1.13) | 1.00 (0.84-1.40) | 0.88 (0.57-1.12) | 0.65 (0.45-0.84) | .031 |
| Monocytes (× 109/L) | NA | 0.41 (0.23-0.52) | 0.40 (0.26-0.52) | 0.42 (0.27-0.51) | 0.33 (0.12-1.05) | .95 |
| Platelets (× 109/L) | NA | 249 (159-298) | 166 (112-251) | 229 (170-282) | 313 (199-352) | .007 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.7 (0.0-0.8) | 118 (55-242) | 30 (14-76) | 169 (136-249) | 159 (109-308) | <.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 169 (155-224) | 424 (346-574) | 262 (196-454) | 411 (396-623) | 504 (426-614) | .10 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (uncorrected P value < .05). Significance between severity groups was determined by using the Kruskal-Wallis test (for continuous variables), Fisher exact test, or χ2 test of independence where applicable (for categorical data). Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.
COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; IQR, interquartile range; MV, mechanical ventilation; NA, not assessed.