Table 2.
Changes in the tri-axial translational and rotational displacements of the foot bones with respect to the global coordinate system during axial loading of humans and African great apes (chimpanzee + gorilla). p-values are presented if differences are significant. The values are positive for anterior, medial and superior translations, and eversion, plantarflexion and external rotation.
| human |
African great apes |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | s.d. | mean | s.d. | p-value | |
| translation (mm) | |||||
| ANT/POST | |||||
| calcaneusa | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.6 | |
| talusa | 3.1 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.5 | |
| cuboida | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.5 | |
| naviculara | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | |
| tibiaa | 2.0 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.6 | |
| 1MTa | 3.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.001 |
| 2MTa | 2.7 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
| 3MTa | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | |
| 4MTa | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.5 | |
| 5MTa | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.6 | |
| MED/LAT | |||||
| calcaneusa | 3.6 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.3 | p = 0.025 |
| talusa | 5.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.8 | p = 0.017 |
| cuboida | 4.3 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.8 | p = 0.038 |
| naviculara | 5.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.4 | p = 0.025 |
| tibiaa | 4.5 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | |
| 1MTa | 3.8 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.7 | |
| 2MTa | 3.1 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.9 | |
| 3MTa | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3.0 | |
| 4MTa | 2.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 2.2 | |
| 5MTa | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 2.0 | |
| SUP/INF | |||||
| calcaneusb | −3.4 | 1.0 | −3.1 | 0.5 | |
| talusb | −6.0 | 1.6 | −4.8 | 0.3 | |
| cuboidb | −3.8 | 0.9 | −3.6 | 0.7 | |
| navicularb | −7.1 | 2.0 | −5.5 | 0.8 | |
| tibiab | −5.5 | 1.3 | −4.5 | 0.3 | |
| 1MTb | −4.2 | 1.4 | −4.0 | 1.1 | |
| 2MTb | −3.9 | 0.9 | −5.1 | 1.5 | |
| 3MTb | −3.0 | 0.7 | −4.5 | 1.5 | |
| 4MTb | −2.1 | 0.5 | −2.8 | 0.7 | |
| 5MTb | −1.4 | 1.0 | −2.0 | 0.4 | |
| rotation (°) | |||||
| EV/INV | |||||
| calcaneusa | 4.1 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1.7 | p = 0.038 |
| talusa | −1.1 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 1.5 | |
| cuboida | 5.7 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 2.3 | p = 0.025 |
| naviculara | 7.1 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | p = 0.025 |
| 1MTa | 2.9 | 2.1 | −2.2 | 2.0 | p = 0.003 |
| 2MTa | −0.7 | 2.9 | −0.7 | 1.4 | |
| 3MTa | 1.5 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.1 | |
| 4MTa | 2.5 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 2.2 | |
| 5MTa | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 1.5 | |
| PF/DF | |||||
| calcaneusa | 2.8 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 0.5 | p = 0.038 |
| talusa | 6.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | p = 0.017 |
| cuboida | 1.0 | 1.9 | −0.7 | 1.5 | |
| naviculara | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | |
| 1MTb | −3.4 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.9 | p = 0.001 |
| 2MTb | −2.6 | 1.0 | −0.1 | 1.9 | p = 0.010 |
| 3MTb | −2.6 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 2.4 | p = 0.025 |
| 4MTb | −1.6 | 1.1 | −0.4 | 1.1 | |
| 5MTb | −1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.6 | p = 0.038 |
| ER/IR | |||||
| calcaneusb | −2.1 | 0.6 | −0.7 | 1.2 | p = 0.006 |
| talusb | −5.1 | 2.0 | −0.3 | 2.2 | p = 0.006 |
| cuboidb | 2.7 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | |
| navicularb | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.4 | |
| tibiab | −4.0 | 1.9 | −1.1 | 2.4 | p = 0.017 |
| 1MTa | 0.5 | 1.8 | −2.2 | 2.5 | |
| 2MTa | 3.1 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.1 | |
| 3MTa | 3.7 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.8 | p = 0.017 |
| 4MTa | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.0 | |
| 5MTa | 3.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.9 | p = 0.010 |
aAlternative hypothesis is human > African great apes.
bAlternative hypothesis is human < African great apes.