Table 3.

Changes in the tri-axial rotational displacements of the foot bones during axial loading of humans and African great apes (chimpanzee + gorilla) calculated based on the anatomical coordinate systems. p-values are presented if differences are significant. The values are positive for eversion, plantarflexion and external rotation.

	human		African great apes
	mean	s.d.	mean	s.d.	p-value
rotation (°)
EV/INV
calcaneusa	4.3	2.6	1.1	1.6	p = 0.038
talusa	−0.8	2.2	−0.1	1.6
cuboida	4.2	1.4	1.8	2.0	p = 0.025
naviculara	5.6	3.3	1.4	1.3	p = 0.017
1MTa	3.2	2.4	−1.3	1.6	p = 0.006
2MTa	−1.9	3.4	−1.1	2.0
3MTa	−0.1	2.4	1.8	2.1
4MTa	1.6	1.4	1.5	2.6
5MTa	1.3	3.3	3.1	1.6
PF/DF
calcaneusa	2.8	0.9	2.0	0.7
talusa	5.5	2.1	2.4	1.7	p = 0.017
cuboida	1.7	2.7	0.1	1.2
naviculara	3.2	2.2	1.9	1.4
1MTb	−2.4	0.7	−2.1	0.9
2MTb	−3.3	1.3	−0.2	2.2	p = 0.003
3MTb	−4.5	1.6	−1.1	2.4	p = 0.017
4MTb	−3.0	1.4	−1.6	0.7	p = 0.010
5MTb	−3.7	1.2	−1.4	0.4	p = 0.003
ER/IR
calcaneusb	−1.6	0.8	−0.7	1.2
talusb	−5.7	2.4	−0.9	2.6	p = 0.010
cuboidb	4.4	2.7	2.3	1.7
navicularb	3.6	3.0	0.3	1.4
tibiab	−3.7	2.0	−0.9	2.2	p = 0.010
1MTa	2.0	1.4	−2.1	2.5	p = 0.038
2MTa	1.4	1.3	1.2	0.8
3MTa	1.9	1.3	1.1	0.3
4MTa	1.4	0.9	0.8	0.6
5MTa	1.4	0.9	0.8	1.0

^aAlternative hypothesis is human > African great apes.

^bAlternative hypothesis is human < African great apes.