Table 4.
Changes in talocalcaneal (TC), talonavicular (TN), calcaneocuboid (CC) joints and rotational angles of the first metatarsal with respect to navicular (N-1MT) during axial loading of humans and African great apes (chimpanzee + gorilla). p-values are presented if differences are significant. The values are positive for eversion, plantarflexion and external rotation.
| human |
African great apes |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | s.d. | mean | s.d. | p-value | |
| rotation (°) | |||||
| EV/INV | |||||
| TCa | 5.7 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 2.4 | p = 0.010 |
| TNa | 3.1 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | |
| CCa | −1.5 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 1.0 | |
| N-1MTa | −3.9 | 5.3 | −3.3 | 1.7 | |
| PF/DF | |||||
| TCa | −3.3 | 1.8 | −0.1 | 2.0 | |
| TNa | 1.3 | 3.8 | −0.2 | 2.3 | |
| CCa | 0.7 | 3.6 | −1.1 | 1.8 | |
| N-1MTa | −5.6 | 3.2 | −3.4 | 1.9 | |
| ER/IR | |||||
| TCa | 3.0 | 2.2 | −0.7 | 1.1 | p = 0.010 |
| TNa | 11.2 | 6.3 | 1.8 | 3.0 | p = 0.010 |
| CCa | 5.8 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 1.1 | p = 0.025 |
| N-1MTa | 1.5 | 2.2 | −1.4 | 3.3 | |
aAlternative hypothesis is human > African great apes.
bAlternative hypothesis is human < African great apes.