. 2021 Sep 22;8(22):2102540. doi: 10.1002/advs.202102540

Table 5.

Environmental applications of the emulsion‐templated porous materials

Material	Target	Performance	Advantages	Ref.
CS‐ PAA hydrogel	Removal of: Cu²⁺ Pb²⁺	Adsorption capacity: 302 mg g⁻¹ 613 mg g⁻¹	Easily regenerated for five cycles	[212]
CMC‐MMT‐PAM	Removal of: Pb²⁺ removal Cd²⁺ removal	Adsorption capacity: 456 mg g⁻¹ 278 mg g⁻¹	Five adsorption–desorption cycles without any significant loss of uptake capacities	[272]
Fe₃O₄ NPs‐P(St‐co‐DVB)	Removal of: Pb²⁺ Cd²⁺	Adsorption capacity: 257 m² g⁻¹ 129 m² g⁻¹	Easily separated and recycled by a magnet	[197]
Magnetic HPC‐PAA beads	Removal of: Cd²⁺ Cu²⁺	Adsorption capacity: 300 mg g⁻¹ 243 mg g⁻¹	Easy separation with a magnet, similar capacities for five cycles	[194]
PAA−Fe₃O₄ NC beads	Removal of: Crystal violet (CV) Pb²⁺ removal	Adsorption capacity: 80 mg g⁻¹ 291 mg g⁻¹	Easily handled No leaching of iron	[103]
Organo‐silica foam	Removal of: Sunset yellow MB Cu²⁺	Adsorption capacity: 1.21 g g⁻¹ 280 mg g⁻¹ 226 mg g⁻¹	Materials containing amino, epoxy, and carboxyl groups	[172]
Amino‐organosilica monolith	Cr⁴⁺ removal	Removing efficiency: 92.8%	Working capacity: 4.24 kg g⁻¹	[275]
FeOOH NP hydrogels	As⁵⁺	Removal efficiency: 50%	Easily recovered	[198]
Al₂O₃‐PAA‐PEI	Cr(VI) CR	141 mg g⁻¹ 37 mg g⁻¹	No chance of secondary contamination	[201]
Ag NPs‐PVI beads	Adsorption of: As³⁺ Eriochrome black T	Adsorption capacity: 333.36 mg g⁻¹ 81.14 mg g⁻¹	Multifunctional for removing inorganic, organic and biological contaminants Easily handled	[102]
	Inactivation of S. aureus	Bactericidal efficiency: ≈96%
	Inactivation of E. coli	Bactericidal efficiency: ≈100%
Amine‐modified PEGMA	Removal of: Ag⁺ Cu²⁺ Cr³⁺	Adsorption capacity: 9.05 mmol g⁻¹ 4.31 mmol g⁻¹ 2.92 mmol g⁻¹		[156]
Polyelectrolyte‐based polyHIPEs	Ag⁺ ion exchange	Exchange capacity: 3.53 mmol g⁻¹		[146]
GMA‐based microspheres	Adsorption of Li⁺	Adsorption capacity: 38.13 mg g⁻¹	Selective removal Recycled five times	[277]
Ag‐modified PS sulfonate	Removal of Li⁺	Adsorption capacity: 59.85 mg g⁻¹ at 15 °C 35.06 mg g⁻¹ at 25 °C 27.09 mg g⁻¹ at 35 °C	Adsorption efficiency: 80.71% after being recycled seven times	[204]
Amidoxime‐modified hollow MF resin microspheres	UO₂ ²⁺ removal	Adsorption capacity: 553.3 mg g⁻¹	Higher selectivity in the presence of other ions	[165]
P4VP grafted P(St‐co‐DVB)	Pu separation		Ion exchange column with convective mass transfer property	[115]
CMC‐PAM/MMT	Removal of: Rb⁺ Cs⁺	Adsorption capacity: 178 mg g⁻¹ 266 mg g⁻¹		[219]
Yeast‐PAA	Removal of: Rb⁺ Cs⁺ Sr²⁺	Adsorption capacity: 180 mg g⁻¹ 230 mg g⁻¹ 167 mg g⁻¹	Materials recycled five times with good performance	[155]
CS‐g‐PAM	MB removal	Adsorption capacity: 454 mg g⁻¹		[139]
UiO‐66‐PAM	MB removal	Adsorption capacity: 50 mg g⁻¹		[142]
PDMAEMA and HEMA polymers	Adsorption of: MB methyl orange (MO)	Adsorption capacity: 6.5 mg g⁻¹ 1.6 mg g⁻¹		[157]
Polyampholytes	Removal of: MB Erythrosine	Adsorption capacity: 88 mg g⁻¹ 57 mg g⁻¹		[147]
Porous PAM microspheres	Removal of: MB methyl violet (MV)	Adsorption capacity: 669 mg g⁻¹ 750 mg g⁻¹	Prepared by O/W/O emulsion templating	[169]
TiO₂/P(AM‐co‐AMPS) monoliths	Removal of: MB TC	Adsorption capacity: 1.66 g g⁻¹ 1.13 g g⁻¹		[134]
Molecularly imprinted polymers hollow microspheres	Removal of λ‐cyhalothrin	Adsorption capacity: 24.79 mg g⁻¹	Material can be recycled seven times with 8.11% loss of affinity	[167]
P(St‐co‐NPA) beads	Removal of atrazine	Removal efficiency: 98%		[117]
Graphene and silicon‐doped porous carbon	Removal of trifluralin	Removal efficiency: up to 100%	Used as a column for solid phase extraction to detect trifluralin in soil samples	[256]
Fe₃O₄@HKUST‐1‐embedded P(EHA‐DVB‐MMA) [poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐divinylbenzene‐methyl methacrylate)]	Sorptive extraction of TC	Limit of detection: 1.9–4.6 and 5.5–13.9 ng mL⁻¹ for milk and egg samples of chicken Limit of quantification: 1.8–3.7 and 5.3–13.0 ng g⁻¹ for muscle and kidney samples of chicken		[215]
Modified Fe₃O₄ NPs‐CS‐PAMPS porous adsorbents	Removal of: TC Chlorotetracycline (CTC)	Adsorption capacity: 806.60 mg g⁻¹ 876.60 mg g⁻¹	Material recycled five times	[193]
rGO‐polyHIPE hybrids	Adsorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)	Adsorption capacity: 47.5 mg g⁻¹	Reused for ten consecutive cycles	[254]
poly(4‐vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVBC) monolithic columns	Removal of benzoyl chloride	Removal efficiency: 98%		[116]
P(St‐EGDMA)	Adsorption of: Toluene Benzene	Adsorption capacity: 0.777 g g⁻¹ 0.907 g g⁻¹	Material can be reused ten times	[120]
P(St‐co‐VBC‐co‐DVB) monoliths	Absorption of chemical warfare agents	Mass increase 40–55 times that of dry polymer		[113]
P(St‐co‐DVB) aerogels	Adsorption of organic liquids and oil	Adsorption capacities: 13–29 g g⁻¹	Material stable and reusable	[110]
P(St‐co‐DVB)	Adsorption of: n‐hexane Mineral ether Kerosene Benzene THF DCM Salad Gasoline Machine oil	Adsorption capacity: 4.45 g g⁻¹ 5.02 g g⁻¹ 6.19 g g⁻¹ 18.71 g g⁻¹ 15.23 g g⁻¹ 20.21 g g⁻¹ 2.75 g g⁻¹ 16.49 g g⁻¹ 2.51 g g⁻¹	Materials recycled ten times	[109]
Silica‐P(tBMA‐DVB) composites	Adsorption of: n‐hexane Benzene DCM THF Ethanol Methanol Acetone Kerosene oil Used‐transformer oil	Adsorption capacity: 3.86 g g⁻¹ 15.37 g g⁻¹ 17.33 g g⁻¹ 13.42 g g⁻¹ 5.61 g g⁻¹ 4.52 g g⁻¹ 3.43 g g⁻¹ 8.17 g g⁻¹ 4.98 g g⁻¹	Materials recycled at least 13 times	[181]
PPI‐SPS‐b‐PE‐r‐Bt‐b‐PS xerogels	Adsorption of: Hexane Toluene Xylene DCE Chloroform Vegetable oil Gasoline Diesel Engine oil Crude oil	Adsorption capacity: 19.8 g g⁻¹ 22.3 g g⁻¹ 24.9 g g⁻¹ 22.6 g g⁻¹ 32.2 g g⁻¹ 24.2 g g⁻¹ 21.2 g g⁻¹ 23.8 g g⁻¹ 31.5 g g⁻¹ 15.1 g g⁻¹	Materials recycled at least 40 times	[126]
SPS‐b‐PE‐r‐Bt‐b‐PS and PAMAM dendrimers‐based sponges	Removal of: n‐hexane Chloroform Crude oil	Adsorption capacity: 25.4 g g⁻¹ 25.8 g g⁻¹ 14.4 g g⁻¹	Material recycled 30 times with ≈15% loss of performance Oil/water separation	[125]
Fluorinated P(PEM‐St‐DVB) material	Remove of DCM	Removal efficiency: 95%	Materials reused for ten cycles	[122]
PDMS‐infused PS‐based slippery membrane systems	Liquid (oil and water) and solid‐ contaminant repelling		Materials showing self‐repairing and regeneration properties	[171]
PU monoliths	Oil spill reclamation	Recovery rate: ≈85%	Materials recycled 20 times	[128]
Cellulose‐based PU	Adsorption of: DMSO Non‐polar solvent	Adsorption capacity: 22 cm³ g⁻¹ 9.5 cm³ g⁻¹	Void filling, no expansion	[129]
PU with reactive block copolymer	Adsorption of: Chloroform DCE	Adsorption capacity: 36 g g⁻¹ 27.3 g g⁻¹	2 min half equilibrium time	[130]
Silica−polyHIPE composite networks	Sorption/desorption of crude oil	Sorption/desorption capacity: ≈16 g g⁻¹	Material reused for 25 cycles	[190]
Fe₃O₄/PS composites	Diesel/water separation	Adsorption capacity: 7.9 g g⁻¹	Materials recycled ten times	[196]
	Edible oil/water separation	Adsorption capacity: 8.3 g g⁻¹
	Lubricating oil/water separation	Adsorption capacity: 16.4 g g⁻¹
P(St‐co‐DEAEMA) membranes	Oil/water separation	Chloroform/water, hexane/water	CO₂‐switchable separation	[119]
sPS‐based nanofibrous monoliths	Adsorption of: Organic solvent Edible oil Fuel oil	Adsorption capacity: 81.3 g g⁻¹ 44.4 g g⁻¹ 41.9 g g⁻¹	Highly reusable, loss of 10% uptake capacity after 20 cycles.	[112]
Graphene foams	Removal of oil (toluene, hexadecane, and olive oil)			[258]
rGO‐based cellular network	Adsorption of diesel, gasoline, motor oil, petroleum, and toluene	Adsorption capacities: 100–300 g g⁻¹ using the material with a density of 4.3 mg cm⁻³; over 600 g g⁻¹ with a lower density material (1.5 mg cm⁻³)	Recycled by compression for at least six cycles with the capacity maintained at >95%	[259]
Ag NPs‐PVSA beads	Adsorption of: Hg²⁺ Rhodamine B	Adsorption capacit: 190.58 mg g⁻¹ 53.02 mg g⁻¹	Multifunctional in removing inorganic, organic, and biological contaminants Easily handled	[98]
	Inactivation of S. aureus	Bactericidal efficiency: 98.39%
	Inactivation of E. coli	Bactericidal efficiency: ≈100%
Ag‐m‐MOP‐PAM composites	Catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol	Rate of reaction: 0.037–0.197 min⁻¹		[205]
Fe₃O₄‐PAM beads	Decomposition of MO	Decomposition efficiency: 99.6%	Material reused six times	[195]
TiO₂ beads	Photodegradation of MB	Degradation efficiency: 98.53%; rate constant = 0.05 min⁻¹	Photodegrading the organic and photodisinfection of biological contaminants	[101]
	Photodisinfection of E. coli	Bactericidal efficiency: 100%
	Photodisinfection of S. aureus	Bactericidal efficiency: 100%
PAE‐based polyHIPEs	Degradation of bisphenol A (BPA)	Degradation efficiency: 98%	Organic photocatalyst Visible light‐active	[147]
P(St‐co‐DVB) impregnated with PEI	CO₂ capture from different sources	Adsorption capacity: 5.6 mmol g⁻¹ (pure CO₂); 4.5 mmol g⁻¹ (10% CO₂/N₂); 6.4 mmol g⁻¹ (under moisture)	High CO₂/N₂ selectivity, fast kinetics, stability	[108]
P(St‐co‐DVB)/nano‐TiO₂/PEI	CO₂ capture	Capture capacity: 5.25 mmol g⁻¹	Rapid adsorption/desorption within 10 min; reused 50 times with a capacity loss of less than 10%	[199]
PGD‐HKUST‐1‐PEI	CO₂ capture from different sources	Adsorption capacity: 4.3 mmol g⁻¹ (pure CO₂); 3.0 mmol g⁻¹ (simulated flue gas); 1.8 mmol g⁻¹ (air)	2.8 mmol (CO₂ from simulated flue gas) per gram after 20 cycles	[217]
CNT‐PEI foam	CO₂ capture	Capture capacity: 2.555 wt%	Highly recyclable	[288]
HIPE templated p(NMe₃ ⁺–MS OH⁻) material	CO₂ capture	Overall sorption rate: 2.5 × 10⁻² mmol; Swing size: 4.9 × 10⁻¹ mmol g⁻¹	Reversible CO₂ capture by humidity swing	[186]
P(VBC‐DVB) modified with quaternary ammonium hydroxide groups	CO₂ adsorption	Adsorption rate: up to 1.1 × 10⁻¹ mmol min⁻¹ g⁻¹; desorption rate = up to 3.5 × 10⁻² mmol min⁻¹ g⁻¹; overall rate = up to 2.5 × 10⁻² mmol min⁻¹ g⁻¹ Swing size: up to 7.2 × 10⁻¹ mmol g⁻¹		[291]
Zeolite‐embedded PAM‐derived carbon foams	CO₂ capture	Capture capacity: 5 mmol g⁻¹ Regenerated by electric swing adsorption	CO₂/N₂ selectivity of up to 80 70% performance retention after 30 cycles under humid conditions	[250]
Silica‐P(St‐co‐DVB)	Removal of particulate matters (PM_2.5)	Removal efficiency: 93% Saturated adsorption capacity: ≈520 mg g⁻¹	Easily separated, recycled	[187]
P(St‐co‐MMA) monolith filter	Removal of particulate matters (PM_2.5) and CO₂	Removal efficiency: 73% for PM2.5 and 77.2% for CO₂	Materials showing excellent dust loading capacity and good resistance	[118]
Zwitterionic hydrogel polyHIPEs	Environmental sensitivity	Anti‐polyelectrolyte effect		[145]
Modified P(St‐DVB‐EHA) membranes	Sensing K⁺ ions	Improved detection limits and selectivity [compared to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes]	Nernstian response to K⁺ ions	[121]
Porous Co₃O₄	NH₃ gas sensing	Sensitivity 146% and response time 2 s for a concentration of 100 ppm	Limit of detection: 0.5 ppm	[293]
rGO/PolyHIPE foam	Pressure sensing	High sensitivity (over 0.6 Pa to 200 kPa pressure range) Response time: less than 15.4 ms Cyclic stability: at least 10 000 cycles		[253]
rGO/polyHIPE foam	Pressure sensing	Gauge factor: 1.5 within 15% strain Pressure response range: up to > 200 kPa Pressure sensitivity: 0.83 kPa⁻¹ for pressure <20 kPa		[255]