Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Prospective Study Population for Incidence of Clinically Relevant Depressive Symptoms According to Tertiles of RNFL Thickness.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population (N = 4247) | RNFL thickness | |||
| Tertile 1, low (n = 1415) | Tertile 2, middle (n = 1416) | Tertile 3, high (n = 1416) | ||
| Demographic and clinical variables | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 59.7 (8.4) | 60.3 (8.3) | 59.5 (8.4) | 59.3 (8.5) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 2159 (50.8) | 616 (43.5) | 752 (53.1) | 791 (55.9) |
| Male | 2088 (49.2) | 799 (56.5) | 664 (46.9) | 625 (44.1) |
| Glucose metabolism status | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 870 (20.5) | 352 (24.9) | 257 (18.1) | 261 (18.4) |
| Other type of diabetes | 18 (0.4) | 8 (0.6) | 5 (0.4) | 5 (0.4) |
| Prediabetes | 649 (15.3) | 218 (15.4) | 219 (15.5) | 212 (15.0) |
| Normal glucose metabolism | 2710 (63.8) | 837 (59.2) | 935 (66.0) | 938 (66.2) |
| Educational status | ||||
| Low | 1379 (32.5) | 421 (29.8) | 480 (33.9) | 478 (33.8) |
| Middle | 1187 (27.9) | 371 (26.2) | 390 (27.5) | 426 (30.1) |
| High | 1681 (39.6) | 623 (44.0) | 546 (38.6) | 512 (36.2) |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 94.0 (13.0) | 95.3 (13.1) | 93.2 (12.7) | 93.5 (13.2) |
| Ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, median (IQR) | 3.33 (2.8-4.1) | 3.36 (2.8-4.1) | 3.33 (2.8-4.1) | 3.3 (2.7-4.1) |
| Use of lipid-modifying medication | 1246 (29.3) | 454 (32.1) | 391 (27.6) | 401 (28.3) |
| Office blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 133.2 (17.8) | 134.8 (17.3) | 132.8 (17.9) | 131.9 (18.0) |
| Diastolica | 75.5 (9.7) | 76.5 (9.7) | 75.2 (9.7) | 74.8 (9.7) |
| Use of antihypertensive medication | 1482 (34.9) | 570 (40.3) | 463 (32.7) | 449 (31.7) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 1651 (38.9) | 558 (39.4) | 523 (36.9) | 570 (40.3) |
| Former | 2130 (50.2) | 721 (51.0) | 739 (52.2) | 670 (47.3) |
| Current | 466 (11.0) | 136 (9.6) | 154 (10.9) | 176 (12.4) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| None | 682 (16.1) | 204 (14.4) | 234 (16.5) | 244 (17.2) |
| Low | 2507 (59.0) | 836 (59.1) | 814 (57.5) | 857 (60.5) |
| High | 1058 (24.9) | 375 (26.5) | 368 (26.0) | 315 (22.2) |
| Partner status (with partner) | 3510 (82.6) | 1170 (82.7) | 1155 (81.6) | 1185 (83.7) |
| Peripapillary RNFL thickness, mean (SD), μm | 94.8 (10.9) | 83.3 (6.3) | 95.2 (2.5) | 106.0 (6.6) |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||
| Use of antidepressive medication | 235 (5.5) | 79 (5.6) | 85 (6.0) | 71 (5.0) |
| Major depressive disorder at baselineb | 144 (3.0) | 54 (3.4) | 40 (2.5) | 50 (3.1) |
| Clinically relevant depressive symptoms at baselinec | 236 (4.6) | 69 (4.0) | 86 (5.0) | 81 (4.7) |
| Patient Health Questionnaire–9 score, median (IQR) | ||||
| Baselinec | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| Years after baselined | ||||
| 1 | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| 2 | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| 3 | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| 4 | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| 5 | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| 6 | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| 7 | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) |
| Incident clinically relevant depressive symptoms | 445 (10.5) | 162 (11.4) | 150 (10.6) | 133 (9.4) |
Abbreviation: RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.
Data for office diastolic blood pressure were available for 4246 participants.
Data are presented for the study population at baseline with complete data on the presence of a major depressive disorder, 5071 participants.
Data are presented for the study population at baseline with complete data on (clinically relevant) depressive symptoms, 5170 participants.
Data are presented for the prospective study population with complete data on depressive symptoms per moment of assessment (4934 participants; the number of with data available per year is reported in the legend of Figure 1). At all follow-up moments the median Patient Health Questionnaire–9 score and IQR values in the general population were numerically identical.