Table 2.

Areas of blockchain implementation.

Application area	Blockchain technology features
Electronic health record management	Patient-reported outcomes Consent
Patient-centered interoperability	DNRa orders Instantaneous data access and interoperability
Remote patient monitoring	Patient-mediated and controlled record access IOTb-enabled monitoring of vital signs, glucose, and other parameters Disease surveillance and outbreak management
Clinical trial data management	Increased RCTc data transparency and quality IOT-generated clinical research data Smart contracts applying data specifications and incentives
Monetization	Revenue cycle management Clinical trial budgets

^aDNR: do not resuscitate.

^bIoT: Internet of Things.

^cRCT: randomized control trial.