Table 3.
Examples of modern designs of label-free biosensors for the detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses
| Recognizing bioreceptor | Transduction method | Test models of pathogens (sensitivity) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteriophage | Photoluminescence | S. aureus (4·108 CFU/ml) | [68, 92] |
| Antimicrobial peptides | Impedancemetry | E. coliS. epidermidis , S. aureus, (P. 10aeruginosa2 CFU/ml) , | [60, 73, 91] |
| Antibacterial Zn-CuO and nanoparticles graphene oxide Man/MUA-MH/Au* | Impedancemetry Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | E. coli, S. aureus (50 CFU/ml); antibacterial effect — 100%, 30 min | [36, 79, 85, 87] |
| Thiolated G protein on gold electrodes and gold nanoparticles | Cyclic voltammetry Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | S. typhimurium (2.16·106 CFU/ml) E. coli (50–103 CFU/ml) | [93] |
| Enzymes | Electrochemical | E. coli O157:H7 (150 CFU/ml) | [55, 57, 58] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) | Electrochemical | S. S. typhimurium aureus (140 (48 CFU/CFU/ml) ml) | [11, 18, 71] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) | Electrochemical | S. aureus, M. tuberculosis | [11, 45–47] |
| Aptamer on gold nanoparticles | Autofluorescence quenching | S. typhimurium (48 CFU/ml) | [3, 5, 40] |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Optical | S. Listeria enteritidis monocytogenes (80 CFU/ ml) | [14, 16, 88, 94] |
| Thiolated aptamer | Impedancemetry | Shigella dysenteriae | [8, 95] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | M. tuberculosis | [62, 88, 96] |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Surface plasmon resonance | Enterococcus faecalis (104–108 CFU/ml) | [86, 90] |
| Aptamer | Impedancemetry | Bacillus Bacillus cereus anthracis (104–10(spores) 6 CFU/ml) | [3, 5, 30, 40, 48] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) | Electrochemical Cyclic impedance voltammetry spectroscopy | Salmonella spp. | [71] |
| Enzyme (graphene simulator quantum dots) | Electrochemical | (5 (Yersinia milk)–30 enterocolitica (serum) CFU/ml) | [48, 80, 97] |
| Monoclonal (long-term fiber antibodies lattices) | Surface plasmon resonance | S. aureus (224 CFU/ml, 30 min) | [69, 78, 90] |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Visualization | Salmonella enteritidis (102–108 CFU/ml) | [81] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA, aptamer) | Electrochemical | Avian influenza virus H5N1 (AIV) | [45] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA) | Electrochemical impedance | Zika virus (25.0±1.7 nmol) | [46] |
| Aptamer (rGO-TiO2) | Electrochemical | Salmonella (10enterica–108 CFU/, typhimurium ml) | [80] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA) | Piezoelectric | Clostridium specificity difficile (sensitivity — 95%) — 95%, | [85] |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Surface plasmon resonance | M. tuberculosis (102–106 CFU/ml) | [88, 96] |
| Aptamer | Fluorescent | Salmonella typhimurium (6·10 CFU/ml) | [82] |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Potentiometry | Salmonella typhimurium (106 CFU/ml) | [84] |
| Nucleic acids (DNA) | Electrochemical impedance | M. tuberculosis (102–106 CFU/ml) | [47] |
| Aptamer (RNA) | Fluorescent | S. aureus (102–106 CFU/ml) | [3] |
* Man/MUA-MH/Au — mannose/11-mercaptoundecanoic acid/6-mercapto-hexanol/gold.