Table 1.

Biomarkers and characteristics of MSCs derived from different sources

MSCs isolated from different sources	Presence	Absence	Characteristics	References
Bone marrow	CD13, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, STRO-1	CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR	Confirmed safety	[184–186]
			Capacity to differentiate into hepatocyte
Adipose tissue	CD71, CD9, CD13, CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, HLA I, STRO-1	CD14, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD133, HLA-DR	Abondance in adipose tissue	[184, 187–190]
			Have weaker differentiating potential towards osteocytes and chondrocytes
Birth-derived tissues	CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146	CD14, CD34, CD45	Have relatively high proliferation rate	[191–193]
			Produce more insulin than bone marrow MSC
Dental pulp	CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105	CD14, CD34, CD45	Have odontoosteogenic properties	[194–196]
			Locate within the dental crown
Peripheral blood	CD44, CD54, CD90, CD105, CD166, HLA-ABC	CD14, CD34, CD45, CD31	Manifest similar immunophenotypes and differentiation potential to those of bone marrow MSC	[197–199]
			The volume of blood is large
Endometrium	CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146	CD34, CD45	Have the potential of mesodermal lineage differentiation	[197, 200, 201]
			Producing high level of leukemia inhibitory factors
Skin	CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, CD29	CD34, CD45, HLA-DR	Have higher proliferation rate than that of adipose MSC	(202–204)