Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population
| CAD (N=9,728) | HF (N=9,150) | Stroke (N=2,564) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| Variables | ARB (n=1,053) |
ACE (n= 8,675) |
p-value | ARB (n=1,066) |
ACE (n= 8,084) |
p-value | ARB (n=522) |
ACE (n= 2,042) |
p-value |
| Demographic | |||||||||
| Age | 78.7 (6.9) | 79.0 (6.9) | 0.14 | 81.0 (7.1) | 81.5 (7.2) | <.05 | 80.6 (6.8) | 80.2 (6.8) | 0.17 |
| Gender (female) | 793 (75.3) | 6241 (71.9) | <.05 | 811 (76.1) | 6161 (76.2) | 0.92 | 425 (81.4) | 1610 (78.8) | 0.20 |
| Black | 89 (8.5) | 586 (6.8) | <.05 | 87 (8.2) | 621 (7.7) | 0.59 | 59 (11.3) | 186 (9.1) | 0.13 |
| CV Risk Factors and Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Diabetes | 271 (25.7) | 2297 (26.5) | 0.61 | 310 (29.1) | 2116 (26.2) | <.05 | 113 (21.7) | 500 (24.5) | 0.18 |
| Prior CAD | 1023 (97.2) | 8471 (97.7) | 0.32 | 623 (58.4) | 4599 (56.9) | 0.34 | 173 (33.1) | 712 (34.9) | 0.46 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 251 (23.8) | 2026 (23.4) | 0.73 | 436 (40.9) | 3388 (41.9) | 0.53 | 112 (21.5) | 481 (23.6) | 0.31 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 49 (4.7) | 506 (5.8) | 0.12 | 67 (6.3) | 607 (7.5) | 0.15 | 515 (98.7) | 2027 (99.3) | 0.18 |
| Prior HF | 375 (35.6) | 3523 (40.6) | <.01 | 1064 (99.8) | 8042 (99.5) | 0.14 | 74 (14.2) | 289 (14.2) | 0.99 |
| Valvular heart disease | 224 (21.3) | 1829 (21.1) | 0.89 | 340 (31.9) | 2544 (31.5) | 0.78 | 79 (15.1) | 308 (15.1) | 0.98 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia | 79 (7.5) | 690 (7.9) | 0.61 | 79 (7.4) | 591 (7.3) | 0.91 | 18 (3.5) | 60 (2.9) | 0.55 |
| Recent HF hospitalization (<1 year) | 212 (20.1) | 1992 (23.0) | <.05 | 1058 (99.3) | 7995 (98.9) | 0.30 | 23 (4.4) | 99 (4.9) | 0.67 |
| Recent ACS hospitalization (<1 year) | 709 (67.3) | 6799 (78.4) | <.0001 | 80 (7.5) | 767 (9.5) | <.05 | 11 (2.1) | 60 (2.9) | 0.30 |
| Recent stroke (< 1year) | 7 (0.7) | 97 (1.1) | 0.18 | 16 (1.5) | 139 (1.7) | 0.60 | 513 (98.3) | 2020 (98.9) | 0.23 |
| CV Drugs | |||||||||
| Nitrates | 530 (50.3) | 4243 (48.9) | 0.39 | 494 (46.3) | 3406 (42.1) | <.01 | 127 (24.3) | 506 (24.78) | 0.83 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 578 (54.9) | 4848 (55.9) | 0.54 | 594 (55.7) | 4303 (53.2) | 0.13 | 251 (48.1) | 950 (46.52) | 0.52 |
| Non-aspirin antiplatelets | 180 (17.1) | 898 (10.4) | <.0001 | 124 (11.6) | 625 (7.7) | <.0001 | 60 (11.5) | 239 (11.7) | 0.89 |
| Beta-blockers | 562 (53.4) | 4162 (48.0) | <.001 | 468 (43.9) | 3291 (40.7) | 0.05 | 266 (51.0) | 889 (43.54) | <.01 |
| Digoxin | 140 (13.3) | 1121 (12.9) | 0.73 | 278 (26.1) | 2030 (25.1) | 0.49 | 67 (12.8) | 275 (13.47) | 0.71 |
| Non-statin lipid lowering drugs | 84 (8.0) | 464 (5.4) | <0.001 | 69 (6.5) | 323 (4.0) | <.001 | 19 (3.6) | 84 (4.11) | 0.62 |
| Spironolactone | 20 (1.9) | 174 (2.0) | 0.82 | 63 (5.9) | 304 (3.8) | <.001 | 6 (1.2) | 30 (1.47) | 0.58 |
| Statins | 413 (39.2) | 2405 (27.7) | <.0001 | 282 (26.5) | 1565 (19.4) | <.0001 | 145 (27.8) | 436 (21.35) | <.01 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 123 (11.7) | 816 (9.4) | <.05 | 163 (15.3) | 863 (10.7) | <.0001 | 61 (11.7) | 215 (10.5) | 0.45 |
| Warfarin | 130 (12.4) | 862 (9.9) | <.05 | 266 (25.0) | 1704 (21.1) | <.01 | 62 (11.9) | 236 (11.6) | 0.84 |
| Other comorbidities | |||||||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 249 (23.7) | 1922 (22.2) | 0.28 | 412 (38.7) | 2586 (32.0) | <.0001 | 107 (20.5) | 328 (16.1) | 0.02 |
| Prior fractures | 19 (1.8) | 159 (1.8) | 0.95 | 43 (4.0) | 305 (3.8) | 0.68 | 16 (3.1) | 57 (2.8) | 0.74 |
| Cancer | 34 (3.2) | 323 (3.7) | 0.42 | 71 (6.7) | 432 (5.3) | 0.08 | 14 (2.7) | 75 (3.7) | 0.27 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 170 (16.1) | 945 (10.9) | <.0001 | 336 (31.5) | 1409 (17.4) | <.0001 | 81 (15.5) | 174 (8.5) | <.0001 |
| Dementia | 86 (8.2) | 731 (8.4) | 0.78 | 108 (10.1) | 1043 (12.9) | 0.01 | 120 (23.0) | 552 (27.0) | 0.06 |
| Mood disorders | 109 (10.4) | 954 (11.0) | 0.53 | 147 (13.8) | 1106 (13.7) | 0.92 | 79 (15.1) | 304 (14.9) | 0.89 |
| Other drugs | |||||||||
| Hormone replacement therapy | 37 (3.5) | 238 (2.7) | 0.15 | 29 (2.7) | 190 (2.4) | 0.46 | 19 (3.6) | 63 (3.1) | 0.52 |
| Glaucoma drugs | 117 (11.1) | 921 (10.6) | 0.62 | 121 (11.4) | 858 (10.6) | 0.46 | 84 (16.1) | 248 (12.1) | <.05 |
| Osteoporosis drugs | 109 (10.4) | 682 (7.9) | 0.005 | 112 (10.5) | 585 (7.2) | <.001 | 59 (11.3) | 170 (8.3) | <.05 |
| Preventive Services | |||||||||
| BMD test | 57 (5.4) | 339 (3.9) | 0.02 | 55 (5.2) | 208 (2.6) | <.0001 | 34 (6.5) | 78 (3.8) | <.01 |
| Prostate specific antigen test | 73 (6.9) | 712 (8.2) | 0.15 | 79 (7.4) | 477 (5.9) | 0.05 | 34 (6.5) | 112 (5.5) | 0.37 |
| Fecal occult blood test | 80 (7.6) | 758 (8.7) | 0.21 | 75 (7.0) | 621 (7.7) | 0.45 | 41 (7.9) | 165 (8.1) | 0.87 |
| Influenza vaccination | 551 (52.3) | 4333 (50.0) | 0.15 | 516 (48.4) | 4029 (49.8) | 0.38 | 244 (46.7) | 962 (47.1) | 0.88 |
| Screening mammography | 163 (15.5) | 1024 (11.8) | <.001 | 123 (11.5) | 599 (7.4) | <.0001 | 75 (14.4) | 211 (10.3) | <.01 |
| Pneumococcal vaccination | 96 (9.1) | 626 (7.2) | <.05 | 82 (7.7) | 596 (7.4) | 0.71 | 32 (6.1) | 137 (6.7) | 0.63 |
| Health Services Measures | |||||||||
| Prior nursing home admission | 39 (3.7) | 345 (4.0) | 0.67 | 113 (10.6) | 782 (9.7) | 0.34 | 44 (8.4) | 121 (5.9) | 0.04 |
| Number hospitalizations | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.2) | <.05 | 1.21 (1.6) | 1.0 (1.5) | <.0001 | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.31 |
| Number physician visits | 11.3 (7.3) | 9.9 (6.9) | <.0001 | 12.3 (8.8) | 10.2 (7.7) | <.0001 | 10.4 (7.3) | 9.2 (6.7) | <.001 |
| Number medications used | 11.5 (6.2) | 10.1 (5.7) | <.0001 | 13 (6.4) | 11.2 (6.1) | <.0001 | 10.0 (5.8) | 9.1 (5.5) | <.001 |
| Charlson_Score | 3.5 (2.2) | 3.4 (2.1) | 0.47 | 4.5 (2.5) | 3.9 (2.3) | <.0001 | 3.7 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.2) | 0.94 |
The value represent count (%) for binary variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables