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The role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in tumor immunology. CCL2 is expressed by immune cells, cancer and stromal cells in the TME. It exhibits chemotactic and non-chemotactic effects on CCR2-expressing monocytes/macrophages. It also has chemotactic and non-chemotactic effects on CCR2-expressing T cells, particularly Tregs. It also induces tumor cell proliferation/survival and metastasis in autocrine and paracrine fashion.
