. 2021 Jun 15;129(5):e12800. doi: 10.1111/eos.12800

TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Study (first author, year)	Number of patients		Sex (M/F)		Age in years (mean ± SD or median (IQR))		Osteosynthesis system (outer screw diameter, mm)		Type of osteotomy (n)	Operative switches (B to T, n)	Orthodontic treatment	Duration of postoperative MMF	Follow‐up	Postoperative dietary restrictions
Study (first author, year)	T	B	T	B	T	B	T	B		Operative switches (B to T, n)
Randomised controlled trials
Matthews et al. (2003) [50]	11	11	0/11	0/11	32 (range 18–46)	29 (range 21–44)	NM ^m	Biofix ^a , ^m (3.5)	BSSO advancement	0	Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Soft guiding elastics; 4–5 weeks	1 year
Norholt et al. (2004) [14]	30	30	10/20	12/18	22 (range 17–50)	23 (range 17–48)	W. Lorenz (2.0)	LactoSorb ^b (2.0)	Le Fort I advancement ± impaction	0	Postoperative ^r	Soft guiding elastics; 2–4 weeks	2 and 6 weeks, 6 and 12 months
Cheung et al. (2004) [17]	30	30	9/21	9/21	22.9 (range 16–37)		Mathys Compact 2.0 (2.0)	Biosorb FX ^c (2.0 and 2.4)	Le Fort I maxillary subapical, mandibular subapical, mandibular body, sagittal split, genioplasty	0	Preoperative ^s		2 and 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months, 1 and 2 years
Ueki et al. (2005) [19]	20	20					Würzburg (2.0)	Fixorb‐MX ^d (2.0)	BSSO setback	0		Rigid, 2 weeks; soft guiding elastics ^t	1, 3, 6, and 12 months
Cheung et al. (2008) [54]	20	20	17/23		24 ± 8.4	22 ± 5.5	Synthes	Inion CPS ^e (2.0)	Le Fort I advancement/ setback/ impaction/ elongation	0	Preoperative ^s		2 weeks, and 3, 6, 12 months	Soft diet; 6 weeks
Park et al. (2010) [20]	10	30	4/6	17/13	22.8 ± 2.0	23.4 ± 2.9	M3 Visidisk	BioSorb FX ^c	Le Fort I advancement ± impaction and BSSO setback	0			6 mos
Stockmann et al. (2010) [13]	33	33			27.0 ± 7.1	27.0 ± 5.4	Stryker ^m (2.7)	Isosorb ^f , ^m (3.5)	BSSO advancement and setback	0	Postoperative ^r	Soft guiding elastics; 2–3 days	1, 2, 6 weeks, 3, 6 months, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 years
Tuovinen et al. (2010) [15]	50	51	14/36	18/33	33.5		Stryker (max: 2.0; mand ^m : 2.0)	BioSorb FX ^c (max: 2.4; mand ^m : 2.8)	Le Fort I advancement ± impaction and/or BSSO advancement	0	Postoperative ^r	Soft guiding elastics ^t	6.8 years (range 4.8–7.5)
Buijs et al. (2012) [55]	124	76	47/77	34/42	30.5 ± 11.1	30.0 ± 11.9	KLS Martin (max: 1.5; mand: 2.0)	Inion CPS ^e (max: 2.0; mand: 2.5)	Le Fort I, BSSO Le Fort I + BSSO	21	Postoperative ^r	Soft guiding elastics; 6–8 weeks	8 weeks	Soft diet; 5 weeks
Yoshioka et al. (2012) [18]	90	110	24/66	43/67	20 (range 18–37)	20 (range 18–45)	Stryker (2.0)	Neofix ^g (2.2)	BSSO setback	0	Preoperative ^s	7 days; details NM	3, 6 months, and 1, 2, 3 years
Bakelen et al. (2013) [56]	124	79	47/77	35/44	30.5 ± 11.1	30.0 ± 11.9	KLS Martin (max: 1.5; mand: 2.0)	Inion CPS ^e (max: 2.0; mand: 2.5)	Le Fort I, BSSO Le Fort I + BSSO	21	Preoperative ^s	Soft guiding elastics; 6–8 weeks	1 and 2 years	Soft diet; 5 weeks
Yu et al. (2014) [16]	51	50	23/28	12/38	33.5 ± 14.3	31.2 ± 14.2	Stryker ^m	Inion CPS ^e , ^m	BSSO advancement	0		T: Soft guiding elastics; 41.2% B: Soft guiding elastics; 96%	T: 8.06 ± 9.24 months B: 10.53 ± 7.33 months
Bakelen et al. (2015) [57]	124	79	47/77	35/44	30.5 ± 11.1	30.0 ± 11.9	KLS Martin (max: 1.5; mand: 2.0)	Inion CPS ^e (max: 2.0; mand: 2.5)	Le Fort I, BSSO, Le Fort I + BSSO	21	Preoperative ^s	Soft guiding elastics; 6–8 weeks	8 weeks and 2 years	Soft diet; 5 weeks
Gareb et al. (2017 z) [2]	124	79	47/77	35/44	30.5 ± 11.1	30.0 ± 11.9	KLS Martin (max: 1.5; mand: 2.0)	Inion CPS ^e (max: 2.0; mand: 2.5)	Le Fort I, BSSO, Le Fort I + BSSO	21	Preoperative ^s	Soft guiding elastics; 6–8 weeks	T: 95 months (range 77–111) B: 98 months (range 80–11)	Soft diet; 5 weeks
Prospective cohort studies
Ferrretti et al. (2002) [51]	20	20					NM ^m (2.0)	Lactosorb ^b , ^m (2.5)	BSSO advancement		Preoperative ^t Postoperative 4 weeks	Soft guiding elastics ^t	1 and 6 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months	Pureed diet; 4 weeks
Dhol et al. (2008) [45]	25	25	8/17	5/20	22.9±1.6	23.3± 2.0		Lactosorb ^b (2.0)	Le Fort I impaction				1 and 6 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months
Bakelen et al. (2014) [52]	22	15	6/16	7/8	35 ± 11	35 ± 12	KLS Martin (2.0)	Inion CPS ^e (2.5)	BSSO advancement		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Soft guiding elastics; 6–8 weeks	T: Mean 27 months B: Mean 25 months	Soft diet; 5 weeks
Retrospective cohort studies
Harada et al. (1997) [46]	10	10	4/6	3/7	23.0 (range 18–30)	22.4 (range 20–31)	OSW Leibinger ^m (2.7)	Takiron ^h , ^m (2.7)	BSSO setback		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	T: Rigid; 9.4 days B: Rigid; 14.6 days	2 and 3 days, and 3, 6 and 12 months
Costa et al. (2006) [47]	12	10			27.8 ± 5.9	26.9 ± 7.1		Lactosorb ^b (2.0)	Le Fort I advancement ± impaction and BSSO setback			Rigid; 1 week	1 and 8 weeks, and 1 year
Landes et al. (2006) [58]	30	30	23/37		25 (range 16–57)		Stryker (2.0)	MacroSorb ⁱ , PolyMax ^j (2.0)	Le Fort I advancement/setback ± BSSO advancement/setback			Soft guiding elastics; 2–4 weeks	3 days and 1 year	Soft diet; 6 weeks
Turvey et al. (2006) [53]	35	34	16/18	11/24	26.8 ± 11.2	27.5 ± 13.0	NM ^m (2.0)	BioSorb FX ^c , ^m (2.0)	BSSO advancement ± genioplasty		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Soft guiding elastics ^t	3, 5 weeks, and 1 year
Ueki et al. (2006a, b) ⁿ [48]	a: 12, b: 14	a: 12, b: 9	8/39		a: 21.8 (range 16–34), b: 26.5 (range 17–34)	a: 21.6 (range 17–32), b: 21.1 (range 19–25)	Würzburg (2.0)	Fixorb‐MX ^d (2.0)	a: Le Fort advancement + BSSO setback, b: Le Fort I advancement + IVRO without fixation		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	a: rigid, 'several days' + soft guiding elastics ^t b: rigid, 1–3 weeks + soft guiding elastics ^t	1, 3, 6, 12 months
Landes et al. (2007) [59]	30	15	23/22		27 (range 18–46)		Stryker (2.0)	LactoSorb ^b , RapidSorb ^k (2.0)	Le Fort I advancement/setback ± BSSO advancement/setback			Soft guiding elastics; 2–4 weeks	3 days and 1 year	Soft diet; 6 weeks
Ueki et al. (2009) [49]	12	11	3/20		25.1 ± 7.3		Stryker (2.0)	Fixorb‐MX ^d (2.0)	BSSO setback		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Rigid, 1 week; soft guiding elastics ^t	1 yr
Ahn et al. (2010) [60]	152	120	126/146		23			BioSorb FX ^c (max: 2.0; mand: 2.4); (genioplasty: 2.0)	BSSO ± Le Fort I ± genioplasty				Follow‐up examinations on a regular basis
Choi et al. (2010) [37]	15	15	9/6	7/8	21.8 (range 17–32)	21 (range 17–31)	Stryker (2.0)	Inion CPS ^e (2.0)	BSSO setback		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Rigid 3 days	14.5 months
Ueki et al. (2011) [39]	20	20¹; 20⁴	10/10	5/15¹² 10/10⁴	21.7 ± 5.6	29.1 ± 11.2¹² 23.5±5.9⁴	Würzburg (2.0)	Super‐Fixsorb‐MX ^l , Fixorb‐MX ^d (2.0)	BSSO setback			Rigid, 'few days' + soft guiding elastics ^t	1, 3, 12 months
Ballon et al. (2012) [61]	43	41	22/21	20/21	25 (range 16–57)	24 (range 16–46)	Stryker‐Leibinger (2.0)	Inion CPS ^e (max : 2.0 ; mand : 2.5)	Le Fort I ± BSSO BSSO ^u			Soft guiding elastics; 2–6 weeks	T: 35 (6–113) months B: 13 (7–27) months	Soft diet; 6 weeks
Paeng et al. (2012) [40]	25	25	13/12	11/14	25.3 ± 4.1	22.6 ± 2.9	Le Forte system ^m (2.4)	Inion CPS ^e , ^m (2.5)	BSSO setback			Soft guiding elastics ^t	3 days, and 2, 6, 12 months
Ueki et al. (2012) [41]	20	20¹; 20⁴	4/16	9/11¹² 4/16⁴	21.6 ± 4.4	26.4 ± 8.6¹² 23.8± 6.4⁴	Würzburg (2.0)	Super‐Fixsorb‐MX ^l , Fixorb‐MX ^d (2.0)	Le Fort I advancement ± impaction + BSSO setback		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Rigid, 'few days' + soft guiding elastics ^t	1, 3, 12 months
Blakey et al. (2014) [42]	30	27	14/16	7/20	20.8 ± 6.4	19.7 ± 5.5	Leibinger, Stryker (2.0)	Inion CPS ^e or BioSorb FX ^c (2.0)	Le Fort I advancement		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Soft guiding elastics; 6 weeks	1 year
Lee et al. (2014) ^o [43]	10	8					Le Forte system	BioSorb FX ^c	BSSO setback		B: Preoperative 2.75 ± 1.82 months; post‐operative ^t T: Preoperative 2.34 ± 1.89 months; post‐operative ^t	Rigid; 2–3 weeks	6 months
Ueki et al. (2015) ^p [44]	13	35					Stryker (2.0)	Fixorb‐MX ^d (2.0)	BSSO setback ± Le Fort I advancement		Pre‐ and postoperative ^q	Soft guiding elastics ^t	1 year

Osteosyntheses were performed using plates and screws, unless stated otherwise.

Abbreviations: B, biodegradable osteosynthesis; BSSO, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy; F, female; IVRO, intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy; M, male; mand, mandible; max, maxilla; MMF, maxillomandibular fixation; mos, months; NM, not mentioned; PDLA, poly‐D‐lactic acid; PDLLA, poly‐D,L‐lactic acid; PGA, polyglycolic acid; PLLA, poly‐L‐lactic acid; T, titanium osteosynthesis; T, titanium osteosynthesis; TMC, trimethylene carbonate; uHA, unsintered hydroxyapatite. Empty cells: not reported.

^{^a}

Biofix (self‐reinforced PLLA).

^{^b}

Lactosorb (82/18 PLLA/PGA).

^{^c}

BioSorb FX (self‐reinforced 70/30 PLLA/PDLLA).

^{^d}

Fixorb‐MX (100 PLLA).

^{^e}

Inion CPS (79/15/6 PDLLA/PDLA/TMC).

^{^f}

Isosorb (80/20 (90/10 PLLA/PDLLA) /(50/50 PLLA/PDLA)).

^{^g}

Neofix (100 PLLA).

^{^h}

Takiron (100 PLLA).

^ⁱ

MacroSorb (70/30 PLLA/PDLLA).

^{^j}

PolyMax (70/30 PLLA/PDLLA).

^{^k}

RapidSorb (85/15 PLLA/PGA).

^{^l}

Super‐Fixsorb‐MX (40/60 uHA/PLLA).

^{^m}

Osteosyntheses performed with screws only.

^ⁿ

Identical study, but different comparisons: (a) Le Fort I + BSSO or (b) Le Fort I + IVRO without osteosyntheses.

^{^o}

Only subgroup 2 and 3 of the original manuscript are relevant for the present review. The distribution of sex and age is not given for each subgroup.

^{^p}

Only subgroup 1–3 of the original manuscript are relevant for the present review. The distribution of sex and age is not given for each subgroup

^{^q}

Durations not mentioned

^{^r}

Preoperative and durations not mentioned

^{^s}

Postoperative and durations not mentioned

^{^t}

Duration not mentioned

^{^u}

Only used with titanium osteosynthesis