TABLE 2.
The characteristics of reviewed articles
| Author/year | Journal/conference name | Research objective | Result | Transplant type /sample size | Effectiveness | Self‐management | Interaction (feedback/reminder/alarm) | Interface | Report | Save data | User support | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Schenkel 38 /2020 | American Journal of Transplantation | Improve outcomes in lung transplantation. | It is helpful in preventing readmission, reducing subsequent hospitalization days, and controlling hospital costs. | Lung transplantation/28 | + | Remote monitoring | Inspirational messages/there are two types of alerts: email notifications for noncritical values but out of range, and phone alerts for critical values. | − | − | + | Face‐to‐face communication between patients and providers. |
| 2 | Gomis‐Pastor 32 /2020 | JMIR Cardio | The main objective of this study was to describe the implementation of the mHeart model and to outline the main facilitators identified when conceiving an m‐Health approach. | Improve therapy management, patient empowerment, and patient‐provider interactions. | Heart transplantation/135 | + | Medication adherence | Alerts, reminders, notifications, messages, and video calls. | − | + | + | The software was interactive with additional human support; a website was also designed for providers. |
| 3 | Geramita 35 /2020 | Transplantation | To evaluate whether Pocket PATH had sustained effects on lung transplant recipients' medical regimen. | Showed better adherence to the medical regimen than lung transplant recipients receiving usual care during the first year post‐transplant. | Lung transplant/105 lung transplant recipients | + | Adhered to medical regimen | Its features include alerts and reminders, and decision support tools guiding patients on when to seek transplant team assistance. | + | − | + | Telephone |
| 4 | Lerret 43 /2019 | Journal of Pediatric Nursing | myFAMI intervention with family members of pediatric transplant recipients and testing the initial effect on post‐discharge. | Facilitate patient/family‐nurse communication and family self‐management behaviors. | Heart, kidney, or liver transplant/include 40 family | + | Remote monitoring | The in‐app notification or prompt serves as a reminder. | − | + | − | Videoconference or a telephone |
| 5 | Levine 27 /2019 | American Journal of Surgery | A mobile app (Transplant Hero) for medication adherence for transplant recipients. | Did not show an increase in medication adherence through the use of mobile health apps. | Adult kidney, pancreas, and/or liver transplant recipient/A total of 108 patients | − | Medication adherence | Interactive alerts and reminders of patients in the use of their medications as well as the preparation of educational content. | − | − | − | Not mentioned |
| 6 | McGillicuddy 28 /2019 | JMIR Research Protocols | Improve medication adherence and sustain blood pressure control among kidney transplantation recipients. | Effectiveness of SMASK to improve medication adherence and blood pressure control in a group of hypertensive kidney transplant recipients. | Kidney transplantation/80 | + | Medication adherence | Automated reminders from an electronic medication tray; proportional text messages and motivational feedback, guided by the self‐determination theory, and auto‐summary report for providers. | + | + | + | |
| 7 | Taber 31 /2019 | American Journal of Health‐System Pharmacy | The development, testing, and preliminary validation of a technology‐enabled, pharmacist‐led intervention aimed at improving medication safety and outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. | The study demonstrated improved monitoring, management, and goal attainment for hypertension and diabetes control along with patient acceptability and the feasibility of the m‐Health system. | Kidney transplant/60 | + | Medication adherence | Follow‐up survey/provider‐based feedback/reminders. | − | − | + | Text/telephone/email |
| 8 | Gomis 33 /2019 | The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation | Measure the therapeutical adherence (TA) improvement by means of a personalized care program following heart transplant (HTx). | The effectiveness of the pharmaceutical interventions implemented through the mHeart tool was high. | Heart transplant32/ | + | Medication adherence | Not mentioned. | − | − | + | Not mentioned |
| 9 | Cole 34 /2018 | Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications | Demonstrate improved medication safety and CVD risk factor control in adult kidney transplant recipients at least one‐year posttransplant with a functioning graft. | The study will provide important and novel information regarding potential interventional methods to improve CVD risk factor control using innovative technology and pharmacist‐led interventions. | Kidney transplant/ | + | Medication adherence | Not mentioned. | − | + | + | Mentioned |
| 10 | Rosenberger 36 /2017 | American Journal of Transplantation | Examined Pocket PATH during the first year posttransplant. | Pocket PATH exposure had no direct effect on outcomes. | Lung transplant/182 | + | Adhered to medical regimen | Alerts and reminders. | + | − | + | Mentioned |
| 11 | DeVito Dabbs 37 /2016 | American Journal of Transplantation | The study was a randomized controlled trial comparing Pocket PATH and routine care. Outcomes were evaluated over 12 months. | Support for the potential benefits of Pocket PATH, an m‐Health intervention to promote self‐management. | Lung transplantation/201 recipients | + | Adhered to medical regimen | Automatically sends a reminder to the patient feedback. | + | + | + | Not mentioned |
| 12 | Shellmer 7 /2016 | Pediatric Transplantation | The TPP prototype, an m‐Health application to promote medication adherence and strengthen communication on medication management between adolescents and primary caregivers, was developed and tested. | TPP generally easy to use and effective in prompting adolescents to adhere to their medications. | Adolescent solid organ recipients/7 | ++ | Medication adherence | Warning system/reminder. | + | + | − | NOT mentioned |
| 13 | Jiang 41 /2016 | International Journal of Medical Informatics | To examine the degree to which LTR followed decision support messages to report recorded critical values, and to explore predictors of appropriately following technology decision support by reporting critical values. | The majority of LTR responded appropriately to mobile technology‐based decision support for reporting recorded critical values. | Lung transplantation/96 | + | Remote monitoring | Automatic feedback messages. | + | − | + | Messages |
| 14 | Jiang 40 /2016 | Applied Clinical Informatics | To describe lung transplant recipients acceptance and use of mobile technology for health self‐monitoring during the first year posttransplantation. | Correlates were different for short‐ and long‐term use of mobile technology for health self‐monitoring in the first year posttransplantation. | Lung transplantation/96 | ++ | Remote monitoring | Automatic feedback messages/reminding LTR to take action, including reporting the critical values to transplant clinicians. | + | − | + | A user support manual and a toll‐free number were given to LTR to call for help with technical problems. |
| 15 | McGillicuddy 29 /2015 | Progress in Transplantation | Evaluate a mobile health pilot program to improve blood pressure and medication adherence. | Improvements seen in medication adherence and blood pressure control were promising. | Kidney transplant/19 | ++ | Medication adherence | Electronically delivered medication and blood pressure reminder alerts, motivational and reinforcement messages for adherence, and the auditory and visual feedback of blood pressure control and medication adherence. | − | − | − | Not mentioned |
| 16 | McGillicuddy 30 /2013 | JMIR Research Protocols | Assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a prototype mobile health (m‐Health) medication and blood pressure (BP) self‐management system for kidney transplant patients with uncontrolled hypertension. | m‐Health intervention group exhibited significant improvements in medication adherence and significant reductions in clinic‐measured systolic blood pressures across the monthly evaluations. | Renal transplant/20 | ++ | Medication adherence | Feedback/reminder | − | − | + | Text, email, or phone |