TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of stroke patients
| Characteristic | All (n = 193) | Outcome | Mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Favorable a (n = 104) | Unfavorable b (n = 89) | p | Alive (n = 162) | Dead (n = 31) | p | ||
| Demographic factors | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 73.4 (61–82) | 68.7 (57–77) | 79.7 (68–86) | <0.001 | 70.9 (60–79) | 83.4 (79–88) | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 118 (61.1) | 62 (59.6) | 56 (62.9) | 0.66 | 100 (61.7) | 18 (58.1) | 0.69 |
| Independent prior stroke, n (%) | 160 (92.5) | 93 (96.9) | 67 (87) | <0.05 | 139 (95.2) | 21 (77.8) | <0.01 |
| Vascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 84 (43.8) | 37 (35.9) | 47 (52.8) | <0.05 | 66 (41.0) | 18 (58.1) | 0.11 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 33 (17.1) | 11 (10.6) | 22 (24.7) | <0.05 | 26 (16.1) | 7 (22.6) | 0.43 |
| Arterial hypertension | 128 (66.3) | 58 (55.8) | 70 (78.7) | <0.01 | 106 (65.4) | 22 (71) | 0.68 |
| Dyslipidemia | 112 (58.6) | 64 (61.5) | 48 (55.2) | 0.38 | 100 (62.1) | 12 (40) | <0.05 |
| Current smoking | 40 (22.9) | 27 (27.6) | 13 (16.9) | 0.11 | 37 (24.8) | 3 (11.5) | 0.20 |
| Coronary heart disease | 30 (15.5) | 17 (16.4) | 13 (14.6) | 0.84 | 24 (14.8) | 6 (19.4) | 0.59 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 6 (3.4) | 1 (1) | 5 (6.3) | 0.09 | 4 (2.7) | 2 (7.4) | 0.23 |
| Prior stroke or TIA | 27 (13.9) | 15 (14.2) | 12 (13.5) | 1.00 | 22 (13.6) | 5 (16.1) | 0.78 |
| Previous medication, n (%) | |||||||
| Antiplatelets | 61 (31.6) | 27 (26.0) | 34 (38.2) | 0.09 | 48 (29.6) | 13 (41.9) | 0.21 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 20 (10.4) | 10 (9.6) | 10 (11.2) | 0.81 | 15 (9.3) | 5 (16.1) | 0.33 |
| Statins | 41 (21.4) | 21 (20.4) | 20 (22.5) | 0.73 | 36 (22.4) | 5 (16.1) | 0.63 |
| Antihypertensives | 111 (57.5) | 52 (50.0) | 59 (66.3) | <0.05 | 91 (56.2) | 20 (64.5) | 0.43 |
| Clinical parameters, median (IQR) | |||||||
| NIHSS on admission | 12 (8–17) | 11 (8–15) | 15 (10–19) | 0.001 | 12 (8–16) | 16 (8–20) | <0.05 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 152 (133–168) | 146 (131–161) | 158 (136–173) | <0.05 | 150 (133–167) | 160 (144–175) | 0.1 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 82 (70–95) | 81 (70–92) | 82 (69–96) | 0.76 | 81 (70–93) | 85 (75–100) | 0.25 |
| Onset to groin puncture in min | 217 (163–391) | 210 (160–316) | 240 (165–447) | 0.34 | 212 (163–364) | 245 (159–476) | 0.57 |
| TICI score after EVT c , n (%) | |||||||
| 0 | 10 (5.2) | 2 (1.9) | 8 (9) | <0.05 | 7 (4.3) | 3 (9.7) | 0.076 |
| 1 | 8 (4.2) | 2 (1.9) | 6 (6.7) | 4 (2.5) | 4 (12.9) | ||
| 2a | 24 (12.4) | 13 (12.5) | 11 (12.4) | 21 (13) | 3 (9.7) | ||
| 2b | 68 (35.2) | 34 (32.7) | 34 (38.2) | 58 (35.8) | 10 (32.3) | ||
| 3 | 83 (43) | 53 (51) | 30 (33.7) | 72 (44.4) | 11 (35.5) | ||
| General anesthesia | 88 (46.6) | 45 (45.5) | 41 (46.6) | 0.88 | 71 (45.5) | 15 (48.4) | 0.85 |
| LMC status, n (%) | |||||||
| Weak or no (0) | 20 (10.4) | 9 (8.7) | 11 (12.4) | 0.43 | 18 (11.1) | 2 (6.5) | 0.71 |
| Moderate (1) | 68 (35.2) | 35 (33.7) | 33 (37.1) | 58 (35.8) | 10 (32.3) | ||
| Good (2) | 102 (52.9) | 60 (57.7) | 42 (47.2) | 84 (51.9) | 18 (58.1) | ||
| CoW incomplete/differing, n (%) | 159 (82.4) | 85 (81.7) | 74 (83.2) | 0.85 | 130 (80.3) | 29 (93.6) | 0.119 |
| Vascular models, n (%) | |||||||
| 1 (ipsilateral a‐/hypoplastic A1) | 15 (7.8) | 9 (8.7) | 6 (6.7) | 0.79 | 13 (8) | 2 (6.5) | 1.00 |
| 2 (contralateral a‐/hypoplastic A1) | 12 (6.2) | 7 (6.7) | 5 (5.6) | 1.00 | 10 (6.2) | 2 (6.5) | 1.00 |
| 3a (ipsilateral full fetal PCA) | 11 (5.7) | 8 (7.7) | 3 (3.4) | 0.23 | 9 (5.6) | 2 (6.5) | 0.69 |
| 3b (two‐sided full fetal PCA) | 2 (1) | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0.50 | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| 4 (ipsilateral a‐/hypoplastic PCA/Pcom) | 105 (54.4) | 60 (57.7) | 45 (50.6) | 0.39 | 86 (53.1) | 19 (61.3) | 0.44 |
| 4a (ipsilateral hypoplastic PCA/Pcom) | 73 (37.8) | 40 (38.5) | 33 (37.1) | 0.88 | 61 (37.7) | 12 (38.7) | 1.00 |
| 4b (ipsilateral aplastic PCA/Pcom) | 32 (16.6) | 20 (19.2) | 12 (13.5) | 0.33 | 25 (15.4) | 7 (22.6) | 0.31 |
| 4c (two‐sided a‐/hypoplastic PCA/Pcom) | 89 (46.1) | 48 (46.2) | 41 (46.1) | 1.00 | 73 (45.1) | 16 (51.6) | 0.56 |
| 4d (ipsilateral a‐/hypoplastic Pcom) | 95 (49.2) | 55 (52.9) | 40 (44.9) | 0.31 | 78 (48.2) | 17 (54.8) | 0.56 |
Abbreviations: CoW, circle of Willis; DSA, digital subtraction angiography; EVT, endovascular treatment; IQR, interquartile range; LMC, leptomeningeal collateral; mRS, modified Rankin scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; Pcom, communicating posterior artery; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TICI, Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction. Bold values mark statistically significant values.
a
(mRS ≤ 2).
b
(mRS ≥ 3–6).
c
LMC status assessed during initial DSA; TICI scale: 0, no perfusion; 1, penetration with minimal perfusion; 2a, partial perfusion <2/3 of the entire vascular territory; 2b, complete filling of the expected vascular territory, but with a perceptibly slower filling rate; 3, complete perfusion.