In vitro protein-protein interaction between Phd or PhLOP1 and CRX. GST-Phd and GST-PhLOP1 fusion proteins and a GST control were incubated with 6xHis-bCRX attached to Ni-NTA resin. After being washed four times, the bound proteins were eluted. The supernatant (S), washes (W1 to W4), and eluate (E) were subjected to immunoblot analysis, sequentially, with anti-GST monoclonal (A), anti-Phd monoclonal (B), or anti-bCRX polyclonal (C) antibodies.