TABLE 3.
Response, by three categories of food security p‐values and odds ratios of dining in questions
| Outcome | Category | Overall significance a | Post hoc analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High‐marginal vs very low food security | High‐marginal vs low food security | Low food security vs very low food security | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p‐value | OR (95% CI) | p‐value | OR (95% CI) | p‐value | |||
| How healthy is your diet? | 0.050* | |||||||
| Healthy | 1.58 (1.09, 2.29) | .016* | 1.22 (0.86, 1.73) | .260 | 1.29 (0.85, 1.97) | .231 | ||
| Unhealthy | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| In an average week, how many dinner time meals do you cook? | ||||||||
| Using all raw produce for example, fresh vegetables, unprepared meats | 0.043* | |||||||
| Rarely | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Less than once | 0.48 (0.23, 0.98) | .044* | 0.40 (0.20, 0.79) | .008** | 1.21 (0.54, 2.73) | .644 | ||
| 1‐2 times | 0.64 (0.35, 1.14) | .131 | 0.49 (0.29, 0.87) | .015* | 1.29 (0.65, 2.57) | .466 | ||
| 3‐4 times | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) | .977 | 0.68 (0.39, 1.19) | .180 | 1.47 (0.74, 2.93) | .268 | ||
| 5‐6 times | 1.09 (0.60, 1.98) | .788 | 0.82 (0.46, 1.47) | .499 | 1.32 (0.64, 2.74) | .442 | ||
| Everyday | 1.28 (0.65, 2.53) | .479 | 0.73 (0.39, 1.37) | .323 | 1.76 (0.79 3.95) | .169 | ||
| Using a mixture of pre‐packaged and fresh (raw) produce for example, fresh meat, spaghetti and a can/bottle sauce | 0.509 | |||||||
| Rarely | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Less than once | 0.71 (0.37, 1.36) | .306 | 0.77 (0.41, 1.42) | .394 | 0.93 (0.43, 2.03) | .858 | ||
| 1‐2 times | 0.67 (0.38, 1.17) | .159 | 0.66 (0.39, 1.11) | .118 | 1.01 (0.52, 1.20) | .971 | ||
| 3‐4 times | 0.55 (0.30, 1.01) | .055 | 0.63 (0.36, 1.12) | .115 | 0.87 (0.42, 1.80) | .711 | ||
| 5‐6 times | 0.92 (0.41, 2.09) | .842 | 0.58 (0.29, 1.15) | .120 | 1.59 (0.62, 4.05) | .328 | ||
| Everyday | 1.04 (0.38, 2.84) | .934 | 1.28 (0.48, 3.37) | .623 | 0.89 (0.24, 2.78) | .747 | ||
| Using only frozen pre‐packaged products for example, only defrosting and heating required | <0.001** | |||||||
| Rarely | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Less than once | 0.86 (0.56, 1.34) | .520 | 0.64 (0.43, 0.94) | .024* | 1.36 (0.81, 2.29) | .244 | ||
| 1‐2 times | 0.43 (0.28, 0.66) | <.001** | 0.39 (0.26, 0.58) | <.001** | 1.12 (0.68, 1.84) | .655 | ||
| 3‐4 times | 0.38 (0.21, 0.69) | .002** | 0.33 (0.19, 0.57) | <.001** | 1.18 (0.62, 2.26) | .618 | ||
| 5‐6 times | 0.45 (0.17, 1.19) | .107 | 0.30 (0.13, 0.71) | .006** | 1.49 (0.53, 4.19) | .447 | ||
| Everyday | 0.61 (0.20, 1.90) | .394 | 0.64 (0.20, 2.06) | .456 | 0.95 (0.26, 3.42) | .934 | ||
| In an average week, how many dinner time meals do you cook? | ||||||||
| Using fresh, but pre‐prepared produce for example, meat with spices or marinade or meat‐filled pasta from the refrigerated section | 0.002** | |||||||
| Rarely | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Less than once | 0.77 (0.51, 1.18) | .228 | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | .074 | 1.11 (0.67, 1.85) | .681 | ||
| 1‐2 times | 0.70 (0.45, 1.10) | .127 | 0.53 (0.35, 0.81) | .003** | 1.32 (0.78, 2.23) | .301 | ||
| 3‐4 times | 0.42 (0.23, 0.76) | .004** | 0.30 (0.17, 0.51) | <.001** | 1.42 (0.75, 2.68) | .277 | ||
| 5‐6 times | 0.45 (0.18, 1.13) | .090 | 0.40 (0.17, 0.96) | .041* | 1.12 (0.40, 3.14) | .832 | ||
| Everyday | 0.92 (0.26, 3.28) | .894 | 0.48 (0.16, 1.39) | .176 | 1.92 (0.51, 7.24) | .333 | ||
| I make more of an effort when cooking for | ||||||||
| Celebrations/Anniversary | 0.042* | |||||||
| Never | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Rarely | 0.42 (0.22, 0.82) | .010** | 0.95 (0.49, 1.85) | .870 | 0.45 (0.20, 0.97) | .043* | ||
| Sometimes | 0.69 (0.38, 1.24) | .214 | 0.70 (0.41, 1.18) | .181 | 0.98 (0.50, 1.93) | .957 | ||
| Often | 0.95 (0.51, 1.76) | .872 | 0.86 (0.50, 1.46) | .573 | 1.11 (0.55, 2.22) | .772 | ||
| Always | 0.85 (0.46, 1.59) | .617 | 1.04 (0.59, 1.81) | .898 | 0.82 (0.40, 1.69) | .596 | ||
| Guests | 0.047* | |||||||
| Never | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Rarely | 0.49 (0.22, 1.04) | .063 | 0.57 (0.28, 1.19) | .133 | 0.83 (0.34, 2.03) | .688 | ||
| Sometimes | 0.49 (0.25, 0.96) | .037* | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | .071 | 0.86 (0.40, 1.87) | .710 | ||
| Often | 0.75 (0.38, 1.49) | .416 | 0.65 (0.35, 1.19) | .160 | 1.17 (0.53, 2.57) | .700 | ||
| Always | 0.83 (0.42, 1.64) | .586 | 0.97 (0.52, 1.84) | .931 | 0.85 (0.38, 1.91) | .694 | ||
| There are other occasions that I make more of an effort when cooking | 0.003** | |||||||
| Agree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Disagree | 0.61 (0.44, 0.84) | 0.002** | 0.69 (0.52, 0.94) | .016* | 0.87 (0.60, 1.27) | .475 | ||
| Rate your level of agreement | ||||||||
| I cook for the sake of eating | 0.138 | |||||||
| Strongly disagree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Disagree | 1.78 (0.89, 3.55) | .101 | 0.94 (0.50, 1.76) | .846 | 1.89 (0.85, 4.24) | .120 | ||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.02 (0.54, 1.92) | .953 | 0.95 (0.51, 1.75) | .862 | 1.08 (0.51, 2.30) | .849 | ||
| Agree | 0.90 (0.48, 1.67) | .736 | 0.88 (0.48, 1.62) | .691 | 1.02 (0.48, 2.13) | .967 | ||
| Strongly agree | 0.87 (0.40, 1.89) | .718 | 1.40 (0.62, 3.20) | .421 | 0.62 (0.24, 1.62) | .328 | ||
| I feel cooking is a core | 0.340 | |||||||
| Strongly disagree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Disagree | 0.95 (0.47, 1.93) | .878 | 0.89 (0.44, 1.78) | .736 | 1.07 (0.44, 2.57) | .886 | ||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.67 (0.34, 1.33) | .254 | 0.55 (0.28, 1.08) | .084 | 1.21 (0.52, 2.80) | .655 | ||
| Agree | 0.69 (0.34, 1.38) | .291 | 0.66 (0.33, 1.31) | .234 | 1.039 (0.44, 2.455) | .930 | ||
| Strongly agree | 0.64 (0.28, 1.49) | .303 | 0.70 (0.30, 1.62) | .400 | 0.92 (0.33, 2.57) | .880 | ||
| Cooking is an opportunity to bond with my family | 0.496 | |||||||
| Disagree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.95 (0.60, 1.51) | .825 | 0.94 (0.62, 1.42) | .753 | 1.02 (0.60, 1.73) | .957 | ||
| Agree | 0.61 (0.31, 1.19) | .143 | 0.60 (0.32, 1.11) | .103 | 1.01 (0.48, 2.13) | .976 | ||
| Cooking is an opportunity to bond with my friends | 0.145 | |||||||
| Strongly disagree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Disagree | 0.56 (0.26, 1.23) | .151 | 0.72 (0.32, 1.62) | .431 | 0.78 (0.29, 2.07) | .617 | ||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.94 (0.45, 2.00) | .881 | 0.64 (0.30, 1.36) | .236 | 1.49 (0.59, 3.76) | .404 | ||
| Agree | 0.61 (0.29, 1.28) | .187 | 0.52 (0.24, 1.10) | .085 | 1.17 (0.47, 2.95) | .738 | ||
| Strongly agree | 0.85 (0.32, 2.22) | .737 | 0.73 (0.28, 1.89) | .510 | 1.17 (0.36, 3.79) | .795 | ||
| Cooking is important to me because I know exactly what I am eating | 0.923 | |||||||
| Disagree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.12 (0.63, 2.00) | .693 | 1.07 (0.64, 1.80) | .792 | 1.05 (0.55, 2.00) | .888 | ||
| Agree | 1.08 (0.64, 1.83) | .775 | 1.20 (0.74, 1.94) | .468 | 0.90 (0.50, 1.63) | .736 | ||
| Rate your level of agreement | ||||||||
| I enjoy cooking | 0.746 | |||||||
| Strongly disagree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Disagree | 1.10 (0.50, 2.40) | .817 | 0.85 (0.38, 1.87) | .679 | 1.30 (0.50, 3.38) | .594 | ||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.12 (0.54, 2.31) | .770 | 0.64 (0.30, 1.33) | .228 | 1.75 (0.72, 4.27) | .217 | ||
| Agree | 1.03 (0.51, 2.08) | 0.932 | 0.88 (0.42, 1.82) | .728 | 1.17 (0.49, 2.81) | .720 | ||
| Strongly agree | 0.94 (0.44, 2.04) | .880 | 0.80 (0.36, 1.77) | .579 | 1.18 (0.46, 3.04) | .732 | ||
| Cooking makes me feel good | 0.892 | |||||||
| Strongly disagree | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Disagree | 0.98 (0.43, 2.22) | .952 | 0.78 (0.34, 1.83) | .570 | 1.25 (0.46, 3.41) | .667 | ||
| Neither agree nor disagree | 1.16 (0.55, 2.46) | .703 | 0.67 (0.31, 1.44) | .301 | 1.74 (0.69, 4.36) | .239 | ||
| Agree | 0.93 (0.44, 1.93) | .835 | 0.76 (0.35, 1.64) | .481 | 1.22 (0.49, 3.03) | .669 | ||
| Strongly agree | 1.08 (0.47, 2.48) | .855 | 0.72 (0.31, 1.68) | .453 | 1.49 (0.55, 4.09) | .436 | ||
| On average, how much time do you spend on preparing your dinner meal? | ||||||||
| Weekends | 0.074 | |||||||
| 15 minutes or less | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| 15‐30 minutes | 0.70 (0.39, 1.27) | .245 | 0.58 (0.33, 1.03) | .064 | 1.21 (0.56, 2.46) | .610 | ||
| 30‐45 minutes | 0.62 (0.34, 1.13) | .117 | 0.48 (0.27, 0.85) | .012* | 1.29 (0.63, 2.63) | .482 | ||
| 45 ‐ 60 minutes | 0.85 (0.44, 1.64) | .635 | 0.89 (0.47, 1.69) | .728 | 0.96 (0.43, 2.14) | .913 | ||
| 60 < minutes | 0.94 (0.42, 2.13) | .885 | 0.46 (0.23, 0.93) | .030* | 2.06 (0.81, 5.28) | .131 | ||
| Week days | 0.075 | |||||||
| 15 minutes or less | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| 15‐30 minutes | 0.93 (0.52, 1.66) | .802 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.15) | .135 | 1.44 (0.71, 2.95) | .315 | ||
| 30‐45 minutes | 0.68 (0.38, 1.20) | .182 | 0.42 (0.24, 0.75) | .003** | 1.60 (0.79, 3.23) | .191 | ||
| 45 ‐ 60 minutes | 0.80 (0.42, 1.51) | .484 | 0.70 (0.37, 1.34) | .284 | 1.13 (0.52, 2.49) | .757 | ||
| 60 < minutes | 0.96 (0.40, 2.32) | .925 | 0.51 (0.23, 1.13) | .097 | 1.88 (0.68, 5.22) | .225 | ||
Abbreviations: 1.00 (ref), reference level; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
Multinomial logistic regression model was adjusted for socio‐demographic variables (age, household income, education and marital status).
*
p ≤ .05;
**
p ≤ .01.