Table 3.
Summary of patents cited in the text with type of technical lignin, laccase origin, grafted compounds, and target applications.
|
Substrates |
Laccase origin |
Grafted compounds |
Target applications |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
lignin sulfonate, kraft lignin, alkaline lignin, organosolv lignin, acetosolv lignin, ASAM lignin |
not specified |
– |
binding agents |
[93] |
|
alkali lignin |
not specified |
– |
binding agents |
[94] |
|
lignosulfonate, kraft lignin, alkaline lignin and/or organosolv lignin |
not specified |
– |
binding agents |
[95] |
|
lignosulfonate or soluble lignin in pulp itself (if in enough amount) |
not specified |
– |
trapping mineral oil in packaging |
[96] |
|
lignin sulfonate |
Trametes villosa or Stachybotrys chartorum |
– |
paints |
[97] |
|
lignosulfonate, lignosulfonic acid |
Trametes villosa or Stachybotrys chartorum |
– |
coating |
[98] |
|
lignin sulfonate, kraft lignin, organosolv lignin, acetosolv lignin, ASAM lignin |
not specified |
– |
thermosets |
[99] |
|
lignin sulfonate and kraft lignin |
not specified |
– |
fiber‐reinforced thermosetting composites, thermosetting plastics, waterproof paper, and cardboard |
[100] |
|
kraft lignin |
Trametes versicolor |
– |
carbon fiber |
[101] |
|
lignosulfonates and/or derived lignosulfonates |
Trametes villosa |
– |
wastewater treatment |
[102] |
|
lignosulfonate |
Myceliophthora thermophila |
– |
delivery systems for fertilizers/pesticides with water storage capacity |
[103] |
|
water‐soluble lignosulfonic acid and its salt (i. e., sodium lignosulfonate and calcium lignosulfonate) |
Myceliophthora thermophile, Trametes villosa, Rhizoctonia praticola, Scytalidium thermophilium, Coriolus hirsitus, among others |
– |
deodorant |
[104] |
|
organosolv lignin |
not specified |
glucose, vanillic acid, sorbit, and acrylamide |
production of polymers from lignin with target functional groups |
[105] |
|
residual lignin from aqueous lignocellulosic extracts |
Trametes villosa |
hemicelluloses |
preparation of a new class of technical lignin for novel materials manufacture (e. g., films) |
[106] |
|
kraft, organosolv, soda, and acid lignin and lignin from enzymatic degradation of cellulose |
Trametes versicolor |
low‐molar‐mass organic compounds functionalized by secondary amino, hydroxy, or phenyl groups |
mineral binding |
[107] |
|
alkali lignin (e. g., wheat straw alkali lignin, bamboo pulp alkali lignin, or bagasse alkali lignin) |
Rhus lacquer (Rhus vernicifera) or fungal (Trametes versicolor, Coriolus versicolor, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus) |
epichlorohydrin, sulfonating agent, and an aldehyde compound |
concrete and coal water slurry dispersing agents |
[108] |
|
industrial lignin |
not specified |
wheat straw fiber |
formaldehyde‐free straw fiber board |
[109] |
|
industrial lignin such as alkali lignin and lignosulphonates |
Aspergillus sp. |
pulp fibers |
paper with improved strength |
[110] |