Table 3.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review
| Study | Age | Sex | Country | Job type | Design | Intervention | Duration | Program components |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bostock et al. (2016) [16] |
CBT-I 33.9 ± 6.41 years WLC 33.3 ± 5.59 years All 33.6 ± 6.01 years |
CBT-I Men: 88 Women: 47 WLC Men: 92 Women: 43 |
United States | Office-based staff | RCT (vs. WLC) | CBT-I (digital cognitive behavioral therapy: Sleepio) |
6 weeks (6 sessions) |
Sleep restriction, stimulus control, relaxation, paradoxical intention, belief restructuring, mindfulness |
| Espie et al. (2018) [11] | 50.0 ± 11.14 years |
Men: 147 Women: 67 |
United States |
Office Plant Retail & service |
Single arm |
CBT-I (digital cognitive behavioral therapy: Sleepio) |
6 weeks (6 sessions) |
Sleep restriction, stimulus control, relaxation, paradoxical intention, belief restructuring, mindfulness |
| Behrendt et al. (2020) [29] |
CBT-I 46.1 ± 9.5 years WLC 46.7 ± 9.7 years All 46.5 ± 9.8 years |
CBT-I Men: 29 Women: 59 WLC Men: 32 Women: 57 |
German | Diverse job categories recruited via media | RCT (vs. WLC) | Internet-delivered CBT-I |
6 weeks (6 sessions) |
Psychoeducation, sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, relaxation, metacognitive therapy, potential future application |
| Burton et al. (2016) [17] |
20–35 years: 78 36–50 years: 163 ≥51 years: 116 |
Men: 86 Women: 271 |
United States | Financial service | Single arm | Sleep hygiene education | 5 months | Psychoeducation, sleep hygiene, identification of sleep disorders and information on the sleep disorders, relaxation, mindfulness |
| Wolever et al. (2012) [30] |
Yoga: 41.6 ± 10.1 years Mindfulness: 44.3 ± 9.4 years WLC 42.7 ± 9.7 years |
Yoga Men: 24 Women: 66 Mindfulness Men: 22 Women: 74 WLC Men: 10 Women: 43 |
United States | Insurance | RCT (vs. WLC) | Yoga or mindfulness |
Yoga: 12 weeks (12 h) Mindfulness: 12 weeks (14 h) |
Yoga Yoga poses, breathing techniques, relaxation, mental techniques Mindfulness Mindfulness meditation |
| Morgan et al. (2012) [31] |
Intervention 44.8 ± 8.3 years WLC 43.7 ± 9.1 years All 44.4 ± 8.6 years |
Only men (N = 110) | Australia | Aluminum smelter | RCT (vs. WLC) | The workplace power program | 14 weeks | Education for weight loss, weekly weight reports, daily diet, and exercise with a pedometer |
| Mills et al. (2007) [32] | N/A | N/A | United Kingdom | Call-handler |
Control trail (2900 K) |
Changing the color temperature of fluorescent lights in the workplace | 14 weeks | 17,000 K vs. 2900 K |
CBT-I Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, WLC Waiting list control, RCT Randomized control trial, N/A Not applicable