. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Hepatology. 2021 Aug 25;74(3):1174–1189. doi: 10.1002/hep.31823

TABLE 5.

Associations Among Baseline Demographic, Clinical and Serologic Characteristics, and Change in the HAI and Ishak Fibrosis Score Across Follow-up, Adjusted for Time

Baseline Status	Comparison Group	Change in HAI (n = 60)		Change in Fibrosis Score (n = 59)
Baseline Status	Comparison Group	Beta (95% CI)^*	Overall P Value	Beta (95% CI)^*	Overall P Value
Age, per 5 years		−0.11 (−0.44, 0.21)	0.48	0.07 (−0.14, 0.27)	0.51
Sex (ref = male)	Female	−0.67 (−3.03, 1.70)	0.58	−0.46 (−1.95, 1.02)	0.54
Coffee, cups per day (ref = none or occasional)	1 to 2	0.38 (−0.88, 1.64)	0.56	0.55 (−0.25, 1.35)	0.31
	3 or more	0.72 (−0.66, 2.10)		−0.11 (−1.01, 0.79)
Alcohol use (ref = none)	Moderate/at risk	−0.33 (−1.37, 0.71)	0.53	−0.68 (−1.33, −0.04)	0.04
BMI, kg/m²		−0.01 (−0.12, 0.10)	0.86	−0.04 (−0.11, 0.03)	0.25
Lipodystrophy grade (ref = 0 or 1)	2 or above	−0.9 (−3.35, 1.55)	0.47	1.05 (−0.42, 2.52)	0.16
Diabetes (ref = no)	Yes	−0.60 (−2.67, 1.46)	0.56	0.51 (−0.79, 1.80)	0.44
Hyperlipidemia (ref = no)	Yes	−0.03 (−1.18, 1.11)	0.95	0.30 (−0.43, 1.03)	0.41
ALT, per 10 IU/L		−0.13 (−0.36, 0.10)	0.27	0.16 (0.01, 0.3)	0.04
High ALT (ref = no)	Yes (>1 × ULN)	−0.15 (−1.25, 0.96)	0.79	0.36 (−0.33, 1.06)	0.30
AST, per 10 IU/L		−0.33 (−0.68, 0.02)	0.07	0.23 (0.02, 0.45)	0.04
AST/ALT ratio, per 0.1		−0.03 (−0.15, 0.08)	0.58	−0.01 (−0.09, 0.06)	0.72
Platelets, per 200 mm³		1.59 (−0.34, 3.52)	0.10	−0.43 (−1.65, 0.8)	0.49
APRI, per 0.1 unit		−0.31 (−0.49, −0.13)	0.001	0.13 (0.01, 0.25)	0.03
FIB-4, per 1 unit		−1.00 (−1.56, −0.45)	0.001	0.20 (−0.18, 0.58)	0.29
Detectable HIV RNA (ref = no)	Yes	−0.22 (−1.78, 1.33)	0.77	−0.41 (−1.39, 0.58)	0.41
HIV stage (ref = 1)	≥ 2	−0.89 (−1.78, 0.01)	0.052	0.13 (−0.72, 0.98)	0.76
CD4, per 100 cells/mm³		0.14 (−0.05, 0.34)	0.15	0.08 (−0.04, 0.21)	0.18
CD4%, per 1%		0.05 (0.01, 0.10)	0.03	0.01 (−0.02, 0.04)	0.37
CD8, per 100 cells/mm³		−0.01 (−0.12, 0.10)	0.79	−0.03 (−0.14, 0.08)	0.55
CD8%, per 1%		0.01 (−0.02, 0.05)	0.45	0.01 (−0.03, 0.05)	0.63
HBV or HIV duration, per year		0.02 (−0.04, 0.08)	0.46	−0.002 (−0.04, 0.04)	0.99
HBeAg (ref = negative)	Positive	0.58 (−0.48, 1.63)	0.28	−0.22 (−0.9, 0.46)	0.52
HBeAg, per log10 IU/mL	(HBeAg + n = 39)	−0.05 (−0.65, 0.55)	0.86	0.09 (−0.35, 0.52)	0.69
HBV DNA < 1,000 IU/mL (ref = no)	Yes	0.52 (−1.08, 2.12)	0.52	0.72 (−0.27, 1.72)	0.15
HBV-DNA and HIV-RNA suppression status (ref = suppressed)	Incomplete suppression	−1.42 (−4.41, 1.57)	0.63	−0.95 (−2.86, 0.95)	0.32
	Not suppressed	−0.22 (−2.17, 1.74)		−0.75 (−2.00, 0.49)
HBV DNA, per log10 IU/mL		−0.15 (−0.44, 0.15)	0.32	−0.14 (−0.33, 0.04)	0.13
HBsAg, per log10 IU/mL		0.16 (−0.30, 0.62)	0.49	−0.10 (−0.39, 0.19)	0.49
HAI, per 1		−0.61 (−0.77, −0.45)	<0.001	−0.003 (−0.15, 0.15)	0.99
Portal inflammation (ref = 0)	1	−1.01 (−2.40, 0.38)	<0.001	−0.55 (−1.74, 0.63)	0.29
	≥2	−3.75 (−5.39, −2.10)		−1.06 (−2.43, 0.3)
Periportal inflammation (ref = 0)	1	−0.88 (−1.84, 0.08)	<0.001	−0.42 (−1.2, 0.36)	0.55
	≥2	−4.02 (−5.57, −2.47)		−0.30 (−1.54, 0.94)
Lobular inflammation (ref = 0)	1	−0.89 (−2.43, 0.66)	0.02	−0.03 (−1.13, 1.06)	0.76
	≥2	−2.21 (−3.90, −0.52)		0.25 (−0.95, 1.45)
Confluent necrosis (ref = 0)	≥1	−2.98 (−4.71, −1.24)	0.001	0.63 (−0.62, 1.88)	0.32
Ishak fibrosis score, per 1		−0.76 (−1.13, −0.40)	<0.001	−0.24 (−0.51, 0.03)	0.08
Cirrhosis (ref = no)	Yes	−2.12 (−3.91, −0.34)	0.02	0.23 (−0.94, 1.41)	0.69
Fatty liver disease (ref = no)	Steatosis	0.07 (−1.17, 1.30)	0.65	0.54 (−0.18, 1.27)	0.001
	Steatohepatitis	0.81 (−0.94, 2.57)		2.10 (1.07, 3.13)

Associations between baseline factors and change in HAI and fibrosis score (value at follow-up minus value at baseline), respectively, were tested with a linear mixed-effects model, time (i.e., days between biopsy) as a continuous fixed effect, and random intercept. Median of time between biopsies was 3.6 (IQR, 3.1–3.7; range, 2.6–6.1) years. A positive beta represents worsening in inflammation or fibrosis, respectively.