Table 6.

Three-step hierarchical multiple regression analyses for mental health outcomes.

Outcome	PTSS			Anxiety			Depression			Insomnia
Step	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
Male	.07	.01	.05	.14*	.06	.10*	.07	.02	.07	.10	.05	.09
Over 40	.01	.07	.06	−.02	.06	.05	−.01	.06	.05	.12	.18**	.17**
Living alone	−.01	.03	.02	.02	.05	.04	.12	.15*	.13*	.07	.09	.07
Living with children	.05	.05	.10	.15*	.15	.19**	.11	.11	.14*	.09	.08	.10
Living with elderly	.03	.00	.03	.05	.01	.03	.06	.02	.04	.05**	.03	.03
Isolated from family	.20**	.12*	.14*	.22**	.12*	.13*	.21**	.13*	.14*	.23*	.17*	.17*
Time of survey	.14*	.09	.06	.18**	.12*	.10*	.15*	.12*	.08	.12	.10	.08
Protection and support		−.04	−.03		−.02	−.01		−.08	−.05		−.04	−.01
Job stress		.23**	.14*		.29**	.21**		.23**	.15**		.14*	.11
Stigma		−.04	−.06		−.02	−.04		−.02	−.04		.07	.06
Obsession with COVID-19		.29**	.04		.28**	.06		.24**	.00		.17*	.06
Fear of COVID-19		.08	.04		.14*	.11		.08	.06		.04	.04
Approach coping			−.05			−.07			−.13			−.14
Avoidant coping			.58**			.52**			.56**			.30**
R squared	.06	.26	.47	.11	.37	.54	.09	.27	.46	.09	.18	.24
R square change	.07*	.19**	.21**	.11**	.26**	.17**	.09**	.18**	.19**	.09*	.09**	.06**

Note: Standardized beta coefficients are reported for comparability. Male is coded as 1, other genders = 2. Over 40 is coded as 2 and less than 40 is 1. Living with and isolation variables are coded as 1 = yes or 2 = no,

^*P < .05,

^**P <.01.

PTSS, post-traumatic stress symptoms; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.