Table 5.
Increased glutamate metabolism
| Sources | Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|
| Human data | ||
| PAEC in vitro |
↑13C-succinate from 13C-glutamine [↑glutamine-derived anaplerosis], ↑Aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1 (ALDH18A1) by global proteomics, ↑Spermidine by metabolomics |
(12, 16) |
| Lung |
↑Glutamine uptake measured at right heart catheterization, ↑Glutaminase (GLS)1 by immunofluorescence, ↑ALDH18A1 by metabolomics and Western blot analyses |
(34, 76, 78) |
| Right ventricle | ↑Glutamine transporter solute carrier family (SLC)1A5 by immunofluorescence | (43) |
| Plasma |
↑Glutamine, ↑Glutamate by metabolomics |
(12, 76) |
| Animal models | ||
| MCT rats | ||
| Right ventricle |
↑14C-glutamine metabolism, ↑Solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5) by Western blot analyses, ↑SLC1A5 and mitochondrial malic enzyme (ME)2 by qRT-PCR |
(43) |
| Plasma | ↑Glutamine and malate | (43) |
| BMPR2−/− mice |
↑13C-glutamine metabolism, ↑Glutamine-supported ATP-linked mitochondrial respiration with a Seahorse XF96 analyzer |
(76) |