Table 6.
Reduced antioxidants and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)
| Sources | Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|
| Human data | ||
| PAEC in vitro |
↓Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by the rate of reduction of cytochrome c, ↓SOD2 by Western blot analyses, ↓SOD1 by global proteomics and Western blot analyses, ↑ROS using CellROX staining |
(11, 12) |
| Lung |
↓SOD activity by the rate of reduction of cytochrome c, ↓SOD2 in lung by Western blot analyses, ↓Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity by spectrophotometry, ↑8-hydroxy guanosine by immunohistochemistry |
(100, 103) |
| Small pulmonary arteries |
↓SOD2 by immunofluorescence, ↓ROS by MitoSOX fluorescence staining, ↓Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by Amplex Red |
(14, 15) |
| Plasma | ↑Oxidative stress by measure of levels of cysteine and its oxidized form, cystine, glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) using HPLC | (105) |
| Animal models | ||
| Shunt lambs | ||
| Lung |
↓SOD2 by Western blot analyses, ↑Superoxide by MitoSOX fluorescence staining, ↑ROS by dihydroethidium (DHE) or dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) fluorescence staining |
(40, 102) |
| Chickens with pulmonary hypertension syndrome | ||
| Lung |
↓Mitochondrial GSH by HPLC, ↑GSSG/GSH ratio by HPLC |
(51) |
| Breast and heart muscle | ↑H2O2 using 2’, 7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFHDA) | (50, 104) |
| Fawn hooded rats | ||
| PASMC |
↓SOD activity with a colorimetric assay, ↓SOD2 by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses, ↓ROS by MitoSOX fluorescence staining, ↓ H2O2 by Amplex Red |
(14, 15) |
| Small pulmonary arteries |
↓SOD2 by immunofluorescence, ↓ROS by MitoSOX fluorescence staining, ↓ H2O2 by Amplex Red |
(14, 15) |
| MCT rats | ||
| Right ventricle |
↓SOD activity by determination of percent inhibition of pyrogallol autooxidation, ↓GPx and catalase activity by spectrophotometry |
(58) |