Fig. 5. Investigating other possible antibacterial properties. (A) Membrane potential of MRSE cells after treatment in PBS buffer (control), 4 μg mL⁻¹ Imp, 16 μg mL⁻¹ GNC, and a combination of Imp (4 μg mL⁻¹) and GNC (16 μg mL⁻¹) (scale bar: 25 μm). (B) Comparison of the green-to-red fluorescence intensity ratios in different groups. (C) Comparison of the cell penetration rate at different concentrations of GNC with/without the addition of 4 μg mL⁻¹ Imp (n = 4). (D) Total ROS generation rate for the combination group compared with the PBS control and individual application (n = 3). (E) Superoxide anion generation rate of the PBS (control), single applications and the combination group (n = 3). (F) ROS colorimetric analysis results with the nitro-blue tetrazolium method, which demonstrates no correlation between the ·OH generation rate and the addition of either GNC or Imp (n = 3).