. 2021 Aug 10;34(11):doab054. doi: 10.1093/dote/doab054

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of included studies (n = 15)

Author, year	Type of study	Operated/born/tested	Age tests	Tests	Reference population	No. of patients included^*	Mortality (n)	No. at follow-up	Type of EA	Gestational age (weeks) birth weight	Comorbidities
Bouman²⁷ Netherlands, 1999	Prospective cohort study	NR	8–12 years	WISC-RN	Dutch references	36	NR	36	Isolated EA n = 5 EA with TEF n = 31	NR NR	NR
Faugli³⁶ Norway, 2009	Prospective cohort study	Born 1999–2002	1 year	BSID-II	US references	44	2	39 (36)	10% delayed repair	23% born <37 weeks 2830 (595–4570)^A	20% ≥1 associated anomaly (tetralogy of Fallot, biliary atresia, anorectal malformation, tracheomalacia)
Gischler³⁶ Netherlands, 2009	Prospective longitudinal cohort study	Tested 1999–2003	6, 12, 18, and 24 months	BSID-I/II^**	Dutch references	17	NR	13	NR	38.6 (36.9–40.1)^B 3000 (2600–3200)^B	Syndromal/chromosomal n = 1, severe neurologic impairment n = 2, major congenital anomalies n = 1^#
Van der Cammen-van Zijp²⁵ Netherlands, 2010	Prospective cohort study	Born 1999–2003	5 years	MABC	Dutch references	29	NR	29	NR	38.4 (28.6–42.0)^A 2900 (800–4500)	31% ≥1 associated anomaly
Kubota²⁹ Japan, 2011	Prospective cohort study	NR	6–17 years	WISC-3 KSPD	Japanese references	23	NR	23	NR	NR NR	NR
Walker³⁵ Australia, 2013	Prospective case–control study	Operated Aug 2006–Dec 2008	1 year	Bayley-3	Study control group	34	1	31	NR	37.6^C 2718 ± 717^D	44% ≥1 associated anomaly
Francesca³⁴ Italy, 2020	Observational prospective cohort study	Born 2009–2017	6 and 12 months	Bayley-3	Age-normed	90	NR	82 59	Type C and D	38 (37–39)^B 2700 (2450–3030)	NR
Bakal²⁰ Turkey, 2016	Cross-sectional study	Operated Jan 1996–Dec 2011	6–16 years	ADSI WISC-R	Turkish references	57	18	24 ADSI 15 WISC-R	Type A n = 6 Type C n = 50 Type E n = 1	40% born <37 weeks 2255.26 ± 600.27^D	35% ≥1 associated anomaly
Giúdici²³ Argentina, 2016	Prospective cohort study	Born Jan 2003–Dec 2014	1, 3, and 6 years	CAT/ CLAMS PRUNAPE	Argentinian references	23	4	21 at 1 year 14 at 3 years 10 at 6 years	Type A n = 3 Type C n = 20	38.3 ± 1.6^D 2917 ± 440^D	Trisomy 21 n = 1, Edwards syndrome n = 1
Walker²⁶ Australia, 2016	Prospective case–control study	Operated Aug 2006–Dec 2008	3 years	Bayley-3	Study control group	31	0	24	NR	38^C 2765^C	NR
Harmsen²⁴ Netherlands, 2017	Prospective cohort study	Born Jan 1999–May 2006	5 and 8 years	MABC I/II WISC-3-NL RAKIT	Dutch references	78	7	54 motor 49 cognitive	91% type C	39 (29–42)^A 2830 (750–4505)^A	12% cardiac anomaly, 5% VACTERL association
König²⁸ Germany, 2018	Cross-sectional study	NR	3–12 years	Deutscher Motorik Test	German references	17	NR	12	NR	54% born <37 weeks 23% <1500 grams	46% congenital heart disease, 38% developmental delay, 28% skeletal deformity, 15% anorectal malformation
Mawlana¹⁷ Canada, 2018	Retrospective chart review	Operated Jan 2000–Dec 2015	2–3 years	Bayley-3	US references	253	21	182	Type A n = 13 Type B n = 2 Type C n = 149 Type D n = 4 Type E n = 14	36.8 ± 3.2^D 2589 ± 800^D	NR
Costerus²¹ Netherlands, 2019	Prospective cohort study	Operated Aug 2011–Aug 2013	1 and 2 years	BSID-II	Dutch references	6	NR	5	NR	39.0 (34.0–40.0)^A 2850 (1941–3338)^A	Tetralogy of Fallot n = 1, kidney dysplasia n = 1, Feingold syndrome n = 1, intestinal malrotation n = 1
Batta³⁷ Australia, 2020	Retrospective study	Born 2005–2014	1 year	GMDS-II	General population references	44	1	27	NR	37.6 (36.4–39.1)^B 3000 (2590–3405)^B	NR

EA, esophageal atresia; NR, not reported; TEF, tracheoesophageal fistula. Type of EA according to gross classification.⁵⁴ VACTERL, vertebral, anorectal, tracheoesophageal, renal, or limb defects⁵⁵

^AMedian (range).

^BMedian (IQR).

^CMean.

^DMean ± SD.

These four patients were excluded from neurodevelopmental assessment.

^*Included in neurodevelopmental assessment.

^**Dutch version of the BISD I/II: BOS 2-30.