Table 4.

Neurodevelopmental outcome in school-aged children (≥6 years old) born with esophageal atresia

Age (year)	Author, year	No. of patients ( n )	Test method	Outcome measure	Test result	Conclusion
6	Giúdici23 Argentina, 2016	10	PRUNAPE	Fine and gross motor function, language skills and social area	Normal in n = 3 (30%)	Significantly lower than normal
7 (3–12)A	König28 Germany, 2018	12	KTT/DMT	Motor	2.19B	Impaired compared with controls (P = 0.04) and norm values (P = 0.00)
8	Harmsen24 Netherlands, 2017	49	M-ABC & M-ABC-II	Motor	z-score − 0.53 ± 0.91C	Impaired (P < 0.001)
		46	WISC-III-NL & RAKIT	Full-scale IQ Total verbal IQ Total performance IQ	102 ± 14C 103 ± 14C 98 ± 14C	Normal
6–17D	Kubota29 Japan, 2011	20	WISC-III & KSPD	Cognition	IQ < 70 in n = 5 (25%)	Higher incidence of mental retardation compared with the reference population (2–3%).
6–16D	Bakal20 Turkey, 2016	15	WISC-R	Cognition	IQ 95–110E	Normal
10.2 (8–12)E	Bouman27 Netherlands, 1999	36	WISC-RN	Cognition	IQ 90.2 ± 16C	Impaired (P < 0.01)

KTT/DMT, Kinderturntest Plus/Deutscher Motorik Test; KSPD, Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development; M-ABC, Movement-Assessment Battery for Children; PRUNAPE, Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa (Argentine Screening Test); RAKIT, Revised Amsterdam Intelligence Test; US, United States; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

^AMedian (range).

^BMean.

^CMean ± SD.

^DRange.

^EMean (range).