Table 1.

Baseline child and family characteristics and 3-year post-implant outcomes.

Characteristic	Participants N=164
Baseline
CI activation age, years [range]	2.4 (1.2) [0.6–5.3]
Onset age of hearing loss, months [range]	2.7 (7.3) [0–44]
No. missing	8
Aided PTA better eara, dB	74.8 (23.0)
Unaided PTA better eara, dB	105.3 (16.3)
No. missing	8
Baseline IQb	99.0 (18.9)
No. missing	3
Gender, n (%)
Male	80 (48.8)
Female	84 (51.2)
Maternal education, n (%)
Did not complete high school	9 (5.5)
High school graduate or some college	72 (43.9)
College graduate or higher	83 (50.6)
3-Year Follow-Up
Age at 3-year follow-up visit, years	5.4 (1.2)
Participants with bilateral CIs, n (%)	36 (22.0)
Inter-implant interval from 1st to 2nd CI, yearsc	1.5 (0.9)
Family Stress Scale score	1.8 (0.6)
Parental Self-Efficacy score on SPISE	6.2 (0.7)
Parental Involvement score on SPISE	6.2 (0.7)
Language standard scored	72.6 (19.2)
Language classification, n (%)
Below normal (SS<85)	121 (73.8)
Normal (SS 85–115)	41 (25.0)
Above normal (SS>115)	2 (1.2)

Data are expressed as mean (SD) unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations: CI, cochlear implant; PTA, pure tone average; IQ, intelligence quotient; SS, standard score

^aAverage of available thresholds for tested frequencies 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, where at least 1 frequency was tested.

^bBaseline cognition assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II) Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) or Leiter International Performance Scale – Revised, depending on participant’s age.

^cAmong participants who had received bilateral implants by the 3-year follow-up visit.

^dOral and Written Language Scales (OWLS) Listening Comprehension and Oral Expression Oral Composite standard score.