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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 17.
Published in final edited form as: Acad Emerg Med. 2021 Jun 21;28(9):1077–1080. doi: 10.1111/acem.14299

Table 1.

Characteristics of high users of multiple systems in San Francisco, July 1 2017, to June 30, 2018

Age (years) % (n)
 18–30 9 (9)
 >30–40 16 (16)
 >40–50 30 (30)
 >50–60 30 (30)
 >60–70 11 (11)
 >70 4 (4)
Gender % (n)
 Female 21 (21)
 Male 77 (77)
 Transgender 2 (2)
Race/ethnicity % (n)
 African American/Black 34 (34)
 Asian 2 (2)
 Latino/a 14 (14)
 Mixed, other 4 (4)
 White 41 (41)
 Declined/not stated 5 (5)
Years of intermittent or continuous homelessness in San Francisco (%) n
 18–30 9 (9)
 >30–40 16 (16)
 >30–50 30 (30)
 >50–60 30 (30)
 >60–70 11 (11)
 >70 4 (4)
Living situation as of last contact with health or housing services % (n)
 Outdoors, street, vehicle or encampment 57 (57)
 Shelter or navigation center 14 (14)
 Permanent supportive housing or SRO 5 (5)
 Residential treatment facility 2 (2)
 Independently housed 15 (15)
 Unknown 7 (7)
Service type Used at least once per year Median visits/stays per year IQR Max
 Medical ED 99% 73 [58,10] 341
 Medical inpatient 69% 2 [0,5] 27
 Medical urgent care 53% 1 [0,2] 38
 Psychiatric emergency services 62% 2.5 [0,13] 59
 Psychiatric inpatient 18% 0 [0,0] 7
 Psychiatric urgent care 34% 0 [0,1] 19
 Sobering center 39% 0 [0,7] 293
 Medical detoxification 24% 0 [0,0] 6
 Social detoxification 4% 0 [0,0] 2