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. 2021 Nov 13;14:5939–5953. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S327609

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© 2021 Zhang et al.

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Association between mucin-Type O-glycans, microbiota, and immune cells. O-glycans regulate microbial composition, promote microbial adhesion, and inhibit bacterial virulence. Conversely, intestinal flora can degrade glycan for energy and also affect the composition of glycan. O-Glycans not only affect the number of various immune cells in the body, such as macrophages and CD4⁺T cells but also enhance the ability of macrophages to remove apoptotic cells. Immune cells mainly secrete inflammatory factors to promote mucin glycosylation. Lack of glycosylation can also affect microbial-related regulatory T cells, thereby inhibiting immune responses.