Table 2.

Intestinal Immune Cells Associated with O-Glycan

Type of Cell	Cell Function	Alter of Glycan	Immune Association
M cells99	Take up antigens from the symbiotic bacteria to prevent abnormal immune activation against parasites	A relatively thin glycocalyx compared with enterocytes	Glycans promote the contact of M cells with antigens
Macrophages28,107	Phagocytosis and digestion of “bad” foreign substances	Core 1-derived O-glycans deficiency mice	Infiltration of macrophages in the colon tissues; interfere with the recognition of macrophages to apoptotic cells
NK Cells102,100	Neutrophil recruitment	MUC2 deficiency mice	The activity of NK cells
DCs106,104	Presentation of antigens and initiation of specific immune responses	Cell surface glycan deficiency	Inhibition of DC maturation; increased endocytosis
T cells28,109,110	Two subtypes: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory	Core 1-derived O-glycans maturation disorder	Pro-inflammatory T cell proliferation; increased pro-inflammatory factors;