Table 1.
Characteristics, outcomes and laboratory results of the entire cohort without comorbidities.
| Parameters | Total (n = 4806) | Non-death patients (n = 4705) | Death patients (n = 101) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, median(IQR), years | 47.00 [36.00, 56.00] | 46.00 [36.00, 56.00] | 58.00 [52.00, 62.00] | <.001 |
| 18 ≤ Age ≤ 35, n(%) | 1131 (23.53) | 1126 (23.93) | 5 (4.95) | <.001 |
| 36 ≤ Age ≤ 46, n(%) | 1238 (25.76) | 1230 (26.14) | 8 (7.92) | |
| 47 ≤ Age ≤ 55, n(%) | 1151 (23.95) | 1126 (23.93) | 25 (24.75) | |
| 56 ≤ Age ≤ 65, n(%) | 1286 (26.76) | 1223 (25.99) | 63 (62.38) | |
| Male gender, n(%) | 2162 (44.99) | 2098 (44.59) | 64 (63.37) | <.001 |
| Heart rate, median(IQR), bpm | 84.00 [78.00, 95.00] | 84.00 [78.00, 95.00] | 90.00 [80.00, 100.00] | .002 |
| Respiratory rate, median(IQR), bpm | 20.00 [19.00, 21.00] | 20.00 [19.00, 20.00] | 23.00 [20.00, 27.00] | <.001 |
| SpO2 < 95%, n(%) | 443 (12.64) | 388 (11.31) | 55 (72.37) | <.001 |
| Days from symptom to hospital, median(IQR) | 10.00 [6.00, 19.00] | 10.00 [6.00, 19.00] | 9.00 [6.00, 13.00] | .03 |
| Days from symptom to discharge or death, median(IQR) | 32.00 [22.00, 43.00] | 32.00 [22.00, 43.00] | 23.00 [16.00, 31.00] | <.001 |
| Initial symptoms, n(%) | ||||
| Fever | 3623 (75.38) | 3542 (75.28) | 81 (80.20) | .31 |
| Dyspnea | 737 (15.33) | 692 (14.71) | 45 (44.55) | <.001 |
| Secondary outcome, n(%) | ||||
| ARDS | 399 (8.30) | 305 (6.48) | 94 (93.07) | <.001 |
| Acute liver injury | 406 (8.45) | 369 (7.84) | 37 (36.63) | <.001 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 120 (2.50) | 66 (1.40) | 54 (53.47) | <.001 |
| Septic shock | 57 (1.19) | 24 (.51) | 33 (32.67) | <.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 51 (1.06) | 15 (.32) | 36 (35.64) | <.001 |
| Laboratory results, n(%) | ||||
| Necrocytosis indicators | ||||
| CK > ULNa | 343 (9.06) | 314 (8.49) | 29 (33.33) | <.001 |
| LDH > ULNa | 1255 (29.97) | 1171 (28.59) | 84 (91.30) | <.001 |
| Inflammatory indicators | ||||
| Leukocyte count > 9.5, 10^9/L | 294 (6.16) | 254 (5.44) | 40 (39.60) | <.001 |
| Neutrophil count > 6.3, 10^9/L | 431 (9.04) | 375 (8.03) | 56 (55.45) | <.001 |
| Lymphocyte count < .8, 10^9/L | 1458 (30.57) | 1374 (29.43) | 84 (83.17) | <.001 |
| CRP > ULNa | 1191 (41.61) | 1123 (40.24) | 68 (95.77) | <.001 |
| Procalcitonin > ULNa | 1024 (27.72) | 961 (26.67) | 63 (69.23) | <.001 |
| Liver function | ||||
| ALT > 40 U/L | 1015 (22.22) | 981 (21.95) | 34 (34.69) | .004 |
| AST > 40 U/L | 762 (16.66) | 706 (15.78) | 56 (57.14) | <.001 |
| Albumin < LLNa | 1935 (41.13) | 1849 (40.16) | 86 (85.15) | <.001 |
| Direct bilirubin > ULNa | 414 (8.89) | 367 (8.05) | 47 (47.47) | <.001 |
| Kidney function | ||||
| UA < LLNa | 449 (9.67) | 413 (9.09) | 36 (36.36) | <.001 |
| BUN > ULNa | 102 (2.19) | 79 (1.74) | 23 (23.23) | <.001 |
| Creatinine > ULNa | 101 (2.18) | 94 (2.07) | 7 (7.22) | .005 |
| Blood glucose | ||||
| Blood glucose > ULNa | 1132 (25.96) | 1059 (24.84) | 73 (76.04) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| HDL-c < LLNa | 1359 (42.83%) | 1314 (42.41%) | 45 (60.00) | .003 |
| Coagulation function | ||||
| PT > ULNa | 462 (10.94) | 426 (10.33) | 36 (36.73) | <.001 |
| APTT > ULNa | 390 (9.38) | 368 (9.06) | 22 (23.40) | <.001 |
| D-dimer > ULNa | 1238 (30.09) | 1162 (28.91) | 76 (79.17) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; SpO2, oxygen saturation; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRP, C-reactive protein; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; UA, uric acid; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CK, creatine phosphokinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PT, prothrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time.
Data are median (IQR) and n (%).
P values were calculated by the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test or χ2 test for categorical variables.
Upper limit of normal (ULN) and lower limit of normal (LLN) were defined according to criteria in each hospital.