Table 3.
Associations between circulating concentrations of sex hormones and SHBG with colon cancer in postmenopausal women (n = 1028)
| Variables | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P trend a | Continuous modelb | FDR (Q value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estrone | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <13.1 | 13.1-18.1 | 18.1-24.0 | ≥24.0 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 128/129 | 118/129 | 111/129 | 155/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.31) | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.27) | 1.25 (0.87 to 1.81) | .26 | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.35) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.94 (0.65 to 1.36) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.32) | 1.32 (0.89 to 1.96) | .23 | 1.17 (1.00 to 1.38) | 0.49 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,e | 1 [Referent] | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.37) | 0.92 (0.63 to 1.35) | 1.33 (0.89 to 1.97) | .20 | 1.17 (1.00 to 1.38) | – |
| Estradiol | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <2.6 | 2.6-4.1 | 4.1-6.1 | ≥6.1 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 128/129 | 133/129 | 116/129 | 135/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.47) | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.28) | 1.04 (0.73 to 1.50) | .97 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.15) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.47) | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.29) | 1.04 (0.70 to 1.56) | .98 | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.17) | 0.89 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,e | 1 [Referent] | 1.04 (0.73 to 1.48) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.32) | 1.08 (0.72 to 1.61) | .86 | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.18) | – |
| Testosterone | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <129.3 | 129.3-184.5 | 184.5-249.9 | ≥249.9 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 126/129 | 122/129 | 117/129 | 147/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.98 (0.70 to 1.38) | 0.93 (0.65 to 1.34) | 1.18 (0.83 to 1.68) | .41 | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.22) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.96 (0.68 to 1.36) | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.33) | 1.17 (0.81 to 1.68) | .44 | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.22) | 0.89 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,e | 1 [Referent] | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.35) | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.31) | 1.14 (0.79 to 1.65) | .51 | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.21) | – |
| Androstenedione | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <353.8 | 353.8-477.7 | 477.7-645.5 | ≥645.5 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 136/129 | 104/129 | 123/129 | 149/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.11) | 0.91 (0.65 to 1.29) | 1.11 (0.77 to 1.60) | .40 | 1.04 (0.86 to 1.26) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.78 (0.54 to 1.14) | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.31) | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.62) | .42 | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) | 0.89 |
| DHEA | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <1.2 | 1.2-1.8 | 1.8-2.9 | ≥2.9 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 134/129 | 112/129 | 149/129 | 117/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.85 (0.60 to 1.19) | 1.13 (0.80 to 1.59) | 0.87 (0.60 to 1.25) | .84 | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.13) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.82 (0.58 to 1.17) | 1.12 (0.79 to 1.59) | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.23) | .78 | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.12) | 0.89 |
| Progesterone | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <39.6 | 39.6-53.6 | 53.6-73.6 | ≥73.6 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 139/129 | 124/128 | 106/130 | 143/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.27) | 0.76 (0.53 to 1.08) | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.47) | .90 | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.12) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.28) | 0.76 (0.53 to 1.09) | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.48) | .94 | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 0.89 |
| SHBG | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <40.8 | 40.8-53.5 | 53.5-70.7 | ≥70.7 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 146/128 | 108/130 | 111/129 | 147/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.71 (0.50 to 1.02) | 0.74 (0.52 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.71 to 1.40) | .93 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.19) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.04) | 0.75 (0.52 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.69 to 1.45) | .91 | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) | 0.92 |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,e | 1 [Referent] | 0.73 (0.50 to 1.05) | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.12) | 0.99 (0.68 to 1.44) | .96 | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.20) | – |
| Free estradiol | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <57.7 | 57.7-94.7 | 94.7-142.3 | ≥142.3 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 136/129 | 135/129 | 95/129 | 146/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.98 (0.70 to 1.37) | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.98) | 1.04 (0.73 to 1.46) | .88 | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.96 (0.68 to 1.36) | 0.66 (0.45 to 0.99) | 1.05 (0.71 to 1.57) | .90 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.15) | 0.89 |
| Free testosterone | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <3.3 | 3.3-5.2 | 5.2-7.4 | ≥7.4 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 126/129 | 123/129 | 108/129 | 155/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.39) | 0.87 (0.61 to 1.24) | 1.25 (0.88 to 1.78) | .31 | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 0.98 (0.69 to 1.39) | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.24) | 1.25 (0.87 to 1.79) | .32 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.15) | 0.89 |
| Estradiol-to-testosterone ratio | |||||||
| Quartile cut points | <0.19 | 0.19-0.27 | 0.27-0.33 | ≥0.33 | – | – | – |
| No. (cases/controls) | 124/129 | 146/129 | 105/129 | 137/129 | – | – | – |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI)c | 1 [Referent] | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.60) | 0.83 (0.57 to 1.20) | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.55) | .97 | 1.21 (0.52 to 2.83) | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)c,d | 1 [Referent] | 1.13 (0.81 to 1.60) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.22) | 1.07 (0.72 to 1.61) | .96 | 1.28 (0.51 to 3.24) | 0.89 |
a
Statistical tests for trend (2-sided) were calculated using ordinal quartile variables entered into the model as a single continuous variable. CI = confidence intervals; DHEA = dehydroepiandrosterone; FDR = false-discovery rate; OR = odds ratio; SHBG = sex hormone–binding globulin.
b
Serologic variables were log2 transformed in continuous models.
c
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by conditional logistic regression models.
d
Adjusted for body mass index (underweight, normal, overweight, or obese), smoking status (never, former, current, or unknown), physical activity (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, or unknown), ever used hormone therapy (yes, no, or unknown/missing), and alcohol consumption (continuous).
e
Additionally adjusted for estrone, estradiol, and testosterone for SHBG and vice versa.